Publications

Ce numéro d’Alterstice s’inscrit dans le contexte actuel, où les rencontres interculturelles sont multipliées. La  diversification des société fait naître différentes problématiques, notamment celles liées à l’intégration sociale et  professionnelle des immigrants et de leurs familles, en particulier dans les grands centres urbains, où ils ont  davantage tendance à s’établir. Mais c’est à l’école, dans les établissements scolaires et leurs environnements, lieux  privilégiés de rencontres, de maillage et de métissage, que cet enjeu prend forme, dans des dynamiques de  socialisation aux codes du vivre ensemble.

Nous interrogeons ici les expériences et relations interculturelles au sein  de la communauté éducative, ce qui implique de porter attention à une multiplicité d’acteurs : enseignants, élèves,  professionnels (orthopédagogues, éducateurs spécialisés, etc.), équipe de direction, employés de soutien  (secrétaire, concierge, etc.), familles, organismes communautaires, etc. Divers éclairages théoriques et empiriques  sont proposés pour appréhender les processus d’ajustements continus et réciproques dans la négociation de cette  diversité à l’école, au travers des interactions quotidiennes.

Sont regroupés d’abord les textes qui rapportent  spécifiquement la perspective des enseignants formés à l’étranger à propos de leurs expériences d’intégration dans  le nouveau milieu professionnel, au Québec et en Ontario. Sont ensuite proposés des textes qui croisent les regards  de différents acteurs sur la diversité ethnoculturelle au sein de l’école et les défis qu’elle soulève, mais aussi les  ressources qu’elle constitue pour les relations au sein de l’écologie professionnelle.

Although structural violence and social inequality affect youth physical and mental health throughout the world, the problem of violent radicalization (VR) has more recently emerged as an area of concern for professionals working with youth. Radicalization is a dynamic, complex process that is generated and fueled by intercommunity frictions and conflicting political, social, and economic discourses and interests. It takes the form of a shift away from a moderate point of view to a rigid one that rejects the status quo and demands drastic societal change, although not necessarily through violence.² Violent radicalization is when radicalization includes the support of or the plan to use violent measures, including hate crimes and incidents and/or mass killings, often targeting a group characteristic (race, religion, gender orientation and identity, or political views), to achieve one’s goals of social change.

This study aimed to analyze main groups accused on social media of causing or spreading the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. In this analysis, blame is construed as a vehicle of meaning through which the lay public makes sense of an epidemic, and through which certain classes of people become “figures of blame”. Data was collected from Twitter and Facebook using key word extraction, then categorized thematically. Our findings indicate an overall proximate blame tendency: blame was typically cast on “near-by” figures, namely national governments, and less so on “distant” figures, such as generalized figures of otherness (“Africans”, global health authorities, global elites). Our results also suggest an evolution of online blame. In the early stage of the epidemic, blame directed at the affected populations was more prominent. However, during the peak of the outbreak, the increasingly perceived threat of inter-continental spread was accompanied by a progressively proximal blame tendency, directed at figures with whom the social media users had pre-existing biopolitical frustrations. Our study proposes that pro-active and on-going analysis of blame circulating in social media can usefully help to guide communications strategies, making them more responsive to public perceptions.

Around the world, armed conflicts force people to leave their homes, families, and communities in search of protection from collective violence, and seek to regain a meaningful perspective on their lives within the borders of their Western host societies. As the dynamics of organized violence and forced displacement continue to impact and disrupt relationships in refugee communities, scholars in the field of refugee trauma care have increasingly argued for the need to understand spaces that are able to restore safety, meaning, and connectedness in the process of post-trauma reconstruction within those disrupted communities. This is reflected in the growing interest in community-based psychosocial interventions. In this article, we focus on applied theatre interventions with refugee communities. In doing so, we aim to understand the restorative role of within-group interactions in applied theatre. We performed a case study of a community-based applied theatre project with Syrian refugees who were recently resettled in Belgium. The qualitative analysis that was the result of this case study allows us to develop an understanding of the various processes of coping with trauma and exile that are at play in within-group interactions between Syrian community members in applied theatre, against a background of authoritarian rule, collective violence, and forced displacement.

Highlights
Within-group interactions in applied theatre can play a r5restorative role in coping with trauma and exile in refugee communities.
The group in applied theatre provides participants a temporary safe haven.
Within-group interactions reinstall a sense of personal continuity.
Within-group interactions install a sense of hope for political and social change.
Within-group interactions enable participants to reshape cultural belonging.

Although collaborative care was adopted in several countries, including Canada, to improve the health and social services system, partnerships are often experienced as challenging. In many cases, transformative partnership remains a political rhetoric rather than a practical reality. This article presents an analysis of partnership relationships in youth mental health (YMH) using insights from game theory and a qualitative analysis of interactions during transcultural interinstitutional and interdisciplinary case discussion seminars (TIICDSs).

Drawing on the analysis of 40 seminar sessions and six focus groups with seminar participants conducted in Montréal (Canada) between October 2013 and April 2015, this article interrogates the conditions and processes present in TIICDSs that contribute to building and strengthening YMH partnerships, examining how tensions among TIICDS participants are attended to.

Research results indicate that TIICDSs can be seen as a game operating under different rules than real-life clinical work. They are characterized by the establishment of a climate of trust and respect, a high value placed on diversity and creativity, a concern for affects and power dynamics, a process of inclusive dialogue and negotiation, and a consideration for continuity. The game rules allow participants to safely apprehend a situation from a different perspective, a key competence in intercultural and collaborative YMH care. Results also indicate that participants complexify their representations by playing with divergent perceptions of people and situations and that enhanced case formulations are collective game outcomes. In light of our findings, tensions in collaborations can be seen as constituting both obstacles that can be counterproductive if not attended to, as well as powerful and useful learning tools that, under certain conditions, can support the clinical process and contribute to partnership building. Some clinical and partnership impasses may be overcome through clinical case discussions that allow partners to address these tensions and negotiate power relationships.

À la suite de l’arrivée de nombreux réfugiés syriens en 2015-2016 et dans le but de les accueillir, plusieurs mesures  extraordinaires et ressources supplémentaires ont été déployées par le gouvernement du Canada. En considérant  que près de la moitié des nouveaux arrivants étaient mineurs, l’école québécoise s’est retrouvée devant de  nombreux défis relatifs à l’accueil et à l’organisation des pratiques scolaires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené  une recherche-action visant à évaluer une intervention mise en place en contexte scolaire pour favoriser le bienêtre et le sentiment d’appartenance des élèves réfugiés syriens.

L’action comportait deux volets distincts : des  groupes de parole menés en classe sur des sujets sensibles (ex. : la migration, les deuils et les pertes, la famille) et  un accompagnement psychosocial proposé à des élèves identifiés par les acteurs scolaires comme étant  potentiellement en mal-être. Cinq classes, provenant de deux écoles secondaires et une école primaire, ont  participé à la recherche.

Cet article reprend des données secondaires collectées dans ce cadre pour mettre en  lumière des résultats de recherche qui soulignent l’importance de la compréhension et de la prise en compte de  l’expérience pré-, péri- et post-migratoire des élèves réfugiés en vue de favoriser leur accueil et leur expérience  socioscolaire. Nous discutons, entre autres, de l’écart important entre la perception des acteurs scolaires du  parcours migratoire et du vécu de leurs élèves réfugiés d’une part et de l’expérience réelle de ceux-ci d’autre part.

Le climat d’une école résulte des relations continues entre les individus qui la composent. Dans les milieux où la  diversité ethnoculturelle est très présente, ces relations entre les acteurs contribuent donc nécessairement à la  construction du climat. Il n’existe toutefois aucune définition claire du climat scolaire interculturel. Une telle  définition est pourtant nécessaire, tant pour mieux comprendre les normes, les valeurs, les croyances et les  échanges qui existent entre les acteurs issus de la diversité au sein d’un milieu que pour identifier les pratiques qui  sont ou qui devraient être mises en place par l’école pour soutenir la réussite de tous les élèves.

S’inscrivant dans  une perspective interculturelle et inclusive, nous visons dans un premier temps à combler les limites actuelles des  écrits scientifiques en proposant une définition théorique du climat scolaire interculturel qui prévaut dans les  écoles. Cette définition comporte cinq dimensions, soit 1) l’engagement de l’école en faveur d’une culture d’équité  et d’ouverture à la diversité dans les rapports avec les élèves, les familles et la collectivité, 2) le statut et la  légitimité des cultures et des langues d’origine dans les pratiques en classe et dans les normes et les règlements  des établissements, 3) les attitudes du personnel à l’égard des élèves et des familles d’origines diverses et de la  diversité en général, 4) la qualité des relations interculturelles entre les élèves et le personnel d’origines diverses  et, enfin, 5) le soutien de l’école à la construction identitaire des jeunes issus de la diversité.

Dans un second temps,  nous présentons un portrait des rares liens documentés entre ces différentes facettes du climat scolaire  interculturel et la réussite éducative des élèves.

Nunavimmiut (people of the land) are the Indigenous peoples of the northern peninsula of the province of Quebec. Communities of Nunavik and its regional organizations have been making concerted efforts in implementing community-based strategies to support family wellbeing. These community strategies are grounded in many of the values underpinning community psychology: favoring empowerment-oriented approaches, fostering community capacity, and transforming organizational cultures to allow for new modes of interaction, as well as new policies and practices that are grounded in community and culture. Despite the growing support and expectation for community mobilization, there is still very little research on the processes and challenges to such mobilization.

In this study, we explored the unique challenges and facilitators to community endeavors in northern Quebec in order to better understand the complex dynamics and the strengths that Inuit build upon. We first used a focused ethnographic approach in the context of a 5-year community mobilization project in Nunavik. We then conducted 12 individual interviews and two small group interviews with Inuit working on community-based wellbeing-oriented mobilization projects in four additional communities.

Results expose how sociogeographical realities and colonialism influence the process of community mobilization. They also highlight the values and motivational factors that lead community members to move beyond these influences

Background: Many Canadian adolescents and young adults with mental health problems face delayed detection, long waiting lists, poorly accessible services, care of inconsistent quality and abrupt or absent inter-service transitions. To address these issues, ACCESS Open Minds, a multi-stakeholder network, is implementing and systematically evaluating a transformation of mental health services for youth aged 11 to 25 at 14 sites across Canada. The transformation plan has five key foci: early identification, rapid access, appropriate care, the elimination of age-based transitions between services, and the engagement of youth and families.

Methods: The ACCESS Open Minds Research Protocol has multiple components including a minimum evaluation protocol and a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial, that are detailed in this paper. Additional components include qualitative methods and cost-effectiveness analyses. The services transformation is being evaluated at all sites via a minimum evaluation protocol. Six sites are participating in the stepped-wedge trial whereby the intervention (a service transformation along the key foci) was rolled out in three waves, each commencing six months apart. Two sites, one high-population and one low-population, were randomly assigned to each of the three waves, i.e., randomization was stratified by population size. Our primary hypotheses pertain to increased referral numbers, and reduced wait times to initial assessment and to the commencement of appropriate care. Secondary hypotheses pertain to simplified pathways to care; improved clinical, functional and subjective outcomes; and increased satisfaction among youth and families. Quantitative measures addressing these hypotheses are being used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention

Camp Cosmos was founded in 1971 in Montreal to provide children from diverse social, economic and cultural backgrounds with a safe and fun environment to play, learn and grow. The summer camp is grounded on an anti-oppression philosophy that drives its enriching intercultural, accessibility, environmental, youth leadership and athletic programs. After 47 summers of empowering children, building communities with families, and fostering support networks with partner organizations, Camp Cosmos continues to be a vehicle of social transformation in Montreal. Since 1971, more than 2000 children have participated in the Camp Cosmos summer camp program. In response to the Syrian refugee crises, Camp Cosmos expanded in 2016 to create a second camp on Montreal’s West Island. That year, 23 Syrian children were welcomed at both the West Island and Downtown locations. In summer 2017, numbers rose, with 28 Syrian children and 12 children whose families had recently crossed the Canadian/USA border for a total of 40 (camp fees waived). The total number of campers in 2017 was 121 (up from 50 in 2014). In addition to welcoming Syrian campers, there were also 3 young Syrian counselors-in- training who had their first Canadian job experience. In 2018, with the aim to continue adapting to the Montreal society’s needs, Camp Cosmos welcomed 158 campers from diverse backgrounds, introduced a sliding scale payment system to welcome a greater diversity of campers, and extended the hours of care to improve access to camp. The camp adapted their 5-day staff training to include a greater focus on their anti- oppression mandate and a focus on accessibility by collaborating with Montreal-based organizations. For the first time, the camp welcomed 12 and 13-year-old campers, filling the previously existing age gap, to participate in a new program that included both activities with the whole camp as well as volunteer opportunities at community organizations.

Immigration status and unemployment may intersect on the health outcomes of men and women. This study aimed to identify intersections between unemployment and immigration in inflammatory, metabolic and nutritional blood markers and assess gender differences.

Methods
We used Canadian Health Measures Survey data on 2493 participants aged 18 to 65. Outcomes were chronic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen), nutritional (albumin and hemoglobin), and metabolic blood markers (glycosylated hemoglobin, blood glucose, total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol). Multivariate linear regressions were used to assess the associations between each biomarker, unemployment and immigrant status, controlling for age, education, province, smoking, physical inactivity and body mass index and testing for multiplicative interactions between unemployment, immigrant status and gender.

Results
Unemployment was associated with higher inflammation (hsCRP and fibrinogen) in Canadian born men; Canadian born employed women showed higher hsCRP values compared with corresponding employed men. Unemployed immigrant women presented the highest values of hsCRP while employed immigrant women had the lowest hsCRP. Unemployment was associated with higher glucose; immigrant status was associated with higher glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. Unemployed immigrants had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin and albumin than employed immigrants, and Canadian-born citizens regardless of their employment status. Some of these associations were attenuated after adjustment by body mass index, physical inactivity and smoking.

Conclusion
Blood biomarkers unveil intersections among unemployment, immigration and gender. This study provides evidence on biological pathways of unemployment on the likelihood of common chronic diseases, inflammation and potential malnutrition with some increased vulnerabilities in unemployed immigrants, and particularly in unemployed immigrant women.

La problématique de la radicalisation violente interpelle de plus en plus le champ politique qui y répond par des plans d’action consistant souvent en une multiplication de programmes, visant à la prévenir et/ou à la traiter et la mise en place de formations s’adressant aux services de sécurité ou aux acteurs du champ social. Au Québec, le gouvernement s’est doté d’un plan d’action (Gouvernement du Québec 2015) qui comprenait notamment le développement de formations sur la prévention de la radicalisation violente, destinées aux intervenants des milieux de la santé et de l’éducation, un volet qui a été confié au centre de recherche SHERPA (Montréal, Québec) par le ministère de la santé et des services sociaux ainsi que le ministère de l’éducation.

À notre connaissance, bien que la pertinence d’offrir de la formation en matière de prévention de la radicalisation violente aux acteurs des milieux de la santé et de l’éducation soit relevée par plusieurs études (Ranstorp & al. 2016, Robinson & al. 2017), peu s’attardent sur les contenus de ces formations et encore plus rares sont les écrits qui en évaluent l’impact. Les formations portant sur la prévention de la radicalisation violente sont ainsi prônées mais peu évaluées : cette faiblesse concerne la plupart des programmes de prévention de la radicalisation violente, dont l’efficacité reste à démontrer (Bossong 2012, Lum & al. 2006, Horgan & al. 2010, Ris & al. 2017).

Dans le cadre de cet article, la portée des formations menées par le centre de recherche SHERPA sera discutée. L’évaluation de ces formations, que nous décrirons ci-après, suggère que celles-ci deviennent un lieu où se jouent différents mouvements de polarisation au sein du groupe de participants autour de certains sujets. Le travail d’accompagnement du groupe par les formateurs devient alors un enjeu de premier plan pour éviter les clivages, la circulation de blâmes démobilisants et pour promouvoir un sentiment de compétence chez les participants.

D’une part, cet article décrit les processus groupaux documentés par le biais de l’observation participante. D’autre part, il examine les déclencheurs et analyse les stratégies qui permettent aux participants et aux formateurs de contenir les affects et de transformer les tensions en occasion d’apprentissage. Finalement, les résultats qualitatifs de l’observation participante servent d’amorce à une réflexion qui, en croisant les notions d’incertitude et d’angoisse, donne matière à penser aussi bien le phénomène de la radicalisation violente que celui de sa construction en objet de savoir.

Research has shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) children are likely to experience chronic victimization and that these experiences
correlate with numerous mental health problems. However, there is little understanding of the abuse experiences of LGBT children living in countries where rights for sexual and gender minorities are limited or nonexistent. In this chapter, we explore the child abuse experiences that contribute to LGBT individuals’ decision
to flee their countries of origin in search of protection. In addition, we examine the impact of these abuse experiences on their pre-migration mental health. We conducted 26 interviews with individuals who obtained refugee or asylee status in the United States or Canada on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
Participants originated from countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. We identified the following themes: abuse by parents and caregivers, abuse by peers and school personnel, having nowhere to turn, and dealing with psychological distress. Findings demonstrate that
participants experienced severe verbal, physical, and sexual abuse throughout childhood and adolescence and that this abuse occurred at home, in school, and in the community. Furthermore, there were no resources or sources of protection available to them. Participants linked their abuse to subjective experiences of depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress, as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We provide implications for clinical practice as well as international policies that protect the well-being of children

There is little longitudinal research that directly compares the effectiveness of Canada’s Government-Assisted Refugee
(GAR) and Privately Sponsored Refugee (PSR) Programs that takes into account possible socio-demographic differences between them. This article reports findings from 1,921 newly arrived adult Syrian refugees in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. GARs and PSRs differed widely on several demographic characteristics, including length of time displaced. Furthermore, PSRs sponsored by Groups of 5 resembled GARs more than other PSR sponsorship types on many of these characteristics. PSRs also had broader social networks than GARs. Sociodemographic differences and city of residence influenced integration outcomes, emphasizing the importance of considering differences between refugee groups when comparing the impact of these programs.

Il existe peu de recherches longitudinales comparant directement l’efficacité des programmes gouvernemental (RPG) et privé (PPR) de parrainage des réfugiés au Canada qui tiennent compte de possibles différences socio-démographique entre eux. Cet article rend compte des résultats de 1921 nouveaux arrivants syriens adultes en Colombie-Britannique, en Ontario et au Québec. Les RPG et PPR diffèrent largement sur plusieurs caractéristiques démographiques, dont le temps du déplacement. De plus, les PPR parrainés par groupes de cinq ressemblaient davantage aux RPG que les autres types de parrainage PPR sur plusieurs de ces caractéristiques. Les PPR avaient aussi des réseaux sociaux plus larges que les RPG. Les différences sociodémographiques et la ville de résidence influent sur l’intégration, ce qui fait ressortir l’importance de tenir compte des différences entre les groupes de réfugiés dans la comparaison de l’impact de ces programmes.

This chapter brings to the forefront various challenges of engaging in both critical and participatory forms of knowledge building, in particular with queer and trans migrants with precarious status. Two scholars trace their previous experiences of engaging in participatory and critical research as well as their shift toward reflexive ways of knowing. This shift elicits the ways in which Critical Participatory Action Research (CPAR) may be used to build reflexive knowledge with and about queer and trans migrant communities, and in particular, LGBTQ refugees and MSM Latino migrants.

Pour intervenir auprès des travailleurs immigrants, les professionnels de la santé et les intervenants en santé et en sécurité du travail ont des contacts directs avec eux, soit en personne, soit par téléphone. Ces interlocuteurs étant issus d’horizons culturels variés, leurs rencontres, dites interculturelles, peuvent mettre en relief des perspectives très différentes. Or, on ne peut traiter un travailleur ayant subi une lésion professionnelle sans tenir compte d’une multitude de facteurs qui influencent ses valeurs et la représentation qu’il se fait de lui-même (identité personnelle, organisation sociale, éducation, classe sociale, genre, religion ou idéologie, etc.). Ces variables peuvent présenter d’importants écarts de représentations culturelles entre les individus et être une source de malentendus, d’incompréhension ou de désaccords qui doivent absolument être pris en considération. Pour que ces rencontres favorisent un retour réussi au travail, il importe d’encourager le développement de la compétence interculturelle des intervenants dans les organisations. Ce document a été conçu pour servir d’instrument de réflexion visant à favoriser le développement de telles compétences.

Québec’s labour market has changed significantly in the past few years, notably with the slower growth of the labour force, an aging population, higher education levels among workers and an increasing proportion of immigrants in the workforce.
In its recent work on occupational rehabilitation, the IRSST has taken a particular interest in workers in vulnerable situations, including immigrant workers. Immigrant workers are considered a more vulnerable population due to, among other things, their proportionately higher-than-average presence in sectors characterized by less favourable working conditions and higher exposure to the risk of occupational injuries. Language and cultural barriers sometimes compound these factors.
The content of this document derives from a study titled The Notion of Ethnocultural Belonging in Rehabilitation Research and Intervention: Knowledge Summaries (published in 2012) and a study (completed in 2017) on the rehabilitation and return-to-work trajectories of immigrant workers with an occupational injury. This study highlighted the role of the health professionals and OHS practitioners involved, their intervention strategies and interactions, and the issues specific to intercultural encounters, while underscoring the impact of the organizational context on these aspects

This article examines how the Canadian immigration regime socially organizes the everyday lives of queer and trans migrants with precarious status. Drawing from key findings from an institutional ethnographic study, this article maps out the disjuncture between the actual experiences of queer and trans migrants with precarious status and the ideological and textual production of precarious status by the Canadian state. Making explicit this disjuncture reveals how the Canadian immigration regime enacts structural violence upon queer and trans migrants. This article also engages with the response-based approach to violence in order to understand how queer and trans migrants actively respond to this violence. In doing so, this article highlights the ways in which queer and trans migrants respond and resist the structural violence integral to the Canadian state’s production of precarious status.

Background: Considering the growing number of asylum-seeking children worldwide, research
on interventions which may buffer the effects of early resettlement conditions on asylum-seeking
children’s adjustment is warranted. In Canada, creative expressive workshops for asylum-seeking
children and adolescents were implemented as a Psychological First Aid (PFA) intervention in
temporary shelters. The present exploratory study aims to describe the implementation of
these workshops to assess whether the intervention met core elements of PFA and explore its
potential in supporting the diverse needs of asylum-seeking youth in temporary shelters, adopting
a process-evaluation research approach.
Method: The intervention was evaluated via a qualitative thematic analysis of extensive field and
supervision notes and focus groups with facilitators.
Results: Preliminary results suggest that the intervention contributed to fostering emotional safety
and a sense of normalcy in children and supported the creation of connections among both children
and parents. Children’s expression of past and present experiences during the workshops was seen
as a way to promote self-efficacy in children and was reported as a potential way to provide some
comfort and hope in a time of high instability. However, the high needs of children and the lack of
resources in the temporary shelters represented significant challenges and barriers.
Conclusions: PFA using creative expression may be a promising youth mental health prevention
intervention in temporary shelters

Identity issues have been at the forefront in studies on determinants of youth violent radicalization. Identity uncertainty and identity fusion appear to be associated with quests for meaning, which may find some answers in extremist discourses and radical engagements. This process has been considered to be particularly important for second-generation migrants who have to negotiate multiple identities, sometimes in situations of social adversity. T

his paper aims to understand the relations between collective identity, social adversity (discrimination and exposure to violence), and sympathy for violent radicalization in College students in Quebec. This mixed-method study consisted of a large online survey conducted at eight colleges in Quebec. Multilevel analysis accounted for the clustered nature of data while generalized additive mixed models were used to study nonlinear relations.

Results highlight the complex associations between collective identity and youth sympathy for violent radicalization. They confirm that negative public representations of minority communities may lead to more sympathy for violent radicalization. Although results suggest that strong enough identities can act as protective anchorages for youth, they also indicate that when collective identity becomes too central in personal identity this may accentuate othering processes and legitimize violence toward the out-group.

These results have implications for prevention programs. They indicate that improving the public image of minority communities through mainstream media or the social media may increase youth public self-esteem and decrease their sympathy for violent radicalization. They also invite the education field to foster the development of strong plural identities

Synthèse sur la thérapie par l’approche centrée sur la personne (ACP), développée par le psychologue humaniste américain, Carl Rogers (1902-1987). Elle propose des clés pour comprendre la relation qui se noue entre un patient et son thérapeute à partir d’exemples concrets.

Precarious status migrants are a group of persons who are vulnerable, heterogeneous, and often suspicious of research teams. They are underrepresented in population-based research projects, and strategies to recruit them are described exclusively in terms of a single cultural group. We analyzed the recruitment strategies implemented during a research project aimed at understanding precarious status migrants’ health status and healthcare access in Montreal, Canada. The research sample consisted of 854 persons recruited from a variety of ethnocultural communities between June 2016 and September 2017. This article analyzes the strategies implemented by the research team to respond to the challenges of that recruitment, and assess the effectiveness of those strategies. Based on the results, we share the lessons learned with a view to increasing precarious status migrants’ representation in research.

A mixed sequential design was used to combine qualitative data gathered from members of the research team at a reflexive workshop (n = 16) and in individual interviews (n = 15) with qualitative and quantitative data collected using the conceptual mapping method (n = 10).

The research team encountered challenges in implementing the strategies, related to the identification of the target population, the establishment of community partnerships, and suspicion on the part of the individuals approached. The combination of a venue-based sampling method, a communications strategy, and the snowball sampling method was key to the recruitment. Linking people with resources that could help them was useful in obtaining their effective and non-instrumental participation in the study. Creating a diverse and multicultural team helped build trust with participants. However, the strategy of matching the ethnocultural identity of the interviewer with that of the respondent was not systematically effective.

The interviewers’ experience and their understanding of the issue are important factors to take into consideration in future research. More over, the development of a community resource guide tailored to the needs of participants should be major components of any research project targeting migrants. Finally, strategies should be implemented as the result of a continuous reflexive process among all members of the research team.

Synthèse du symposium du 28 novembre 2018.

OBJECTIVE:

The overall aim of this article is to examine the self-defined role of romantic relationships, intimacy and sexuality in recovery from severe mental illness.

METHOD:

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 35 people with severe mental illness, accompanied by participant observation. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS:

The vast majority of participants considered a supportive relationship that was emotionally or sexually intimate to be a key facilitator and indicator of recovery. However, only a small minority of participants were actually in such a relationship. Participants reported numerous barriers to forming and maintaining such relationships such as financial strain and enduring stigma against people with mental illness.

Addressing relational and intimate needs have not been a focus of traditional psychiatric services. As such, some form of “supported dating” within the field of psychosocial rehabilitation may be an essential development to foster an oft-overlooked but important aspect of recovery

Throughout history, refugees have alternatively been seen as entitled victims of adversity or as threats or abusers of host countries scarce resources. Within the present globalized context, ambivalent public perceptions of refugees are shattering the protective nature of the post migratory environment in refugee receiving countries. This raises new challenges for refugees’ mental health and calls for systemic responses to address both pre-migratory trauma and losses and post migratory adversities. Recent evidence on the effectiveness of mental health treatment for refugees confirms the utility of trauma-focused psychotherapy and the limits of psychopharmacology for stress related disorders in this group. Training of mental health professionals may improve the quality of care for refugees by deconstructing prevalent prejudices about them and promoting empathic understanding. Mental health professionals may also advocate by providing information about social determinants refugee mental health to policy makers and promoting psychosocial interventions and protective social policies.

Abstract: The main objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the empirical evidence on how the Internet and social media may, or may not, constitute spaces for exchange that can be favorable to violent extremism. Of the 5,182 studies generated from the searches, 11 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We considered empirical studies with qualitative, quantitative, and mixed designs, but did not conduct meta-analysis due to the heterogeneous and at times incomparable nature of the data. The reviewed studies provide tentative evidence that exposure to radical violent online material is associated with extremist online and offline attitudes, as well as the risk of committing political violence among white supremacist, neo-Nazi, and radical Islamist groups. Active seekers of violent radical material also seem to be at higher risk of engaging in political violence as compared to passive seekers. The Internet’s role thus seems to be one of decision-shaping, which, in association with offline factors, can be associated to decision-making. The methodological limitations of the reviewed studies are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research

Beginning in 2015, Canada undertook an exceptional undertaking of sponsoring of more than 40,000 Syrian refugees to resettle in Canada. As the excitement of their initial arrivals dissipates, it is important to consider their longer-term settlement and integration in their new communities. This article offers a portrait and analysis of how Syrian refugees sponsored to Montreal are able to create social networks and access social support in order to build social capital for employment and housing purposes. Part of a larger, three-province, 4-year longitudinal study, here we report on the first wave of survey data collected from 626 Privately-Sponsored Refugees living in Quebec. We report on their family support and friendships, as well as the ways that these social connections helped them in terms of employment and housing. Differences in terms of age, gender and time in Canada are analyzed. We find strong evidence of bonding social capital among recently resettled Syrians in Montreal, and growing bridging capital.

Résumé:

Depuis 2015, le Canada est engagé dans un processus exceptionnel de parrainage de plus de 40,000 réfugiés syriens réinstallés au Canada. Alors que l’enthousiasme initial suscité par leur arrivée se dissipe, il est important d’examiner leur installation et leur intégration à long terme au sein de leurs nouvelles communautés. Cet article offre un portrait et une analyse de la manière dont les réfugiés syriens établis à Montréal réussissent à créer des réseaux sociaux et à accéder à l’appui social afin de pouvoir développer du capital social pour les fins de l’emploi et du logement. Faisant partie d’un projet longitudinal de 4 ans dans 3 provinces, ici nous partageons une partie des résultats de la première vague de données provenant de 626 réfugiés parrainés par la collectivité et vivant au Québec. Nous décrivons leur réseau de soutien familial et social et comment ces connections sociales les ont aidé à accéder à l’emploi et au logement. Les différences en termes d’âge, de genre et de résidences au Canada sont analysés. Nous observons une forte présence du capital social de liaison (bonding) parmi les réfugiés syriens installés dans la région de Montréal, et l’émergence du capital social de transition (bridging).

ecent years have seen an explosion of the recruitment of Central American Temporary Foreign Workers (TFWs) by agricultural operations and other businesses in Québec small towns. The mobility of one group (the TFWs) underpins the ability of another group (Québec small-town residents) to avoid migration by contributing to the continued viability of economic activity in Québec small towns. In this article, we examine the “fragile entanglement of physical movement, representations, and practices” (Cresswell, 2010, p.18) as evidenced in Central American TFWs’ experiences interacting with local community members as well as the response of local businesses, local social and community services, and local churches to the presence of TFWs in their communities. Drawing on data from focus groups with TFWs (n=31) and interviews with employers (n=17), advocates (n=13) and government actors (n=10), we come to the conclusion that Québec small towns have been transformed by the cyclical mobility of TFWs but that the possibilities for diminishing the unequal power relationships and allowing for long-term integration and community development are limited so long as both the TFW Program continues to constrain the social, employment and geographic mobility of TFWs and Québec refuses to consider all occupational levels for permanent residency under the Québec Experience Program.

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire sur l’accès aux services de santé des migrants à statut précaire. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 211 hommes et femmes migrants, et parmi ceux-ci, 31 ont été retenus pour un entretien en profondeur. Pour cet article, nous présentons les résultats concernant 78 travailleurs comprenant ceux recrutés en tant que travailleurs (travailleurs étrangers temporaires) ou qui n’ont pas d’accès au filet de sécurité sociale et doivent habituellement travailler (les sans-papiers). Une revue de la littérature est présentée, reliant le statut migratoire à l’accès aux soins de santé et aux problèmes de santé au travail. Nous présentons la méthodologie et ensuite les résultats qui décrivent les réseaux sociaux auxquels les travailleurs migrants ont recours pour répondre à leurs préoccupations en matière de santé, comprenant notamment les professionnels du Québec, et des ressources transnationales en santé. Ces résultats pourront être utiles aux professionnels de la SST pour comprendre certains obstacles auxquels font face les travailleurs migrants ayant subi un accident du travail ou une maladie professionnelle. Les difficultés d’accès aux soins de santé peuvent-elles compromettre le recours des travailleurs migrants victimes de lésions professionnelles ?

Abstract:

Domestic and caregiving work have been part of the Canadian fabric since our colonial founding and have long represented one of the most easily accessible routes for migration open to women. Until very recently the Live-In Caregiver Program (LCP) operated as the primary program in Canada facilitating this labour migration. While the LCP has been replaced by the Caregiver Program (CP), it has yet to be determined how these changes will impact migrant caregivers. We suggest that many lessons can be drawn from our knowledge of migrant caregivers’ experiences under the LCP that can help us understand the dynamics of new immigration policies. Using the global care chain framework, we consider here whether Canada’s caregiver migration policy demonstrates a concern for the wellbeing of migrant caregivers as workers, as family members and as citizens. Our analysis suggests that the CP does not adequately address the concerns raised through the global care chain critique. Rather, the CP continues and deepens the trend of using immigration policy to hold people in substandard employment, with very little care for migrant caregivers whether in terms of their labour rights, their family relationships or their sense of belonging and citizenship.

Résumé:

Le travail domestique et le travail d’aide-soignant font partie de la réalité canadienne depuis nos débuts coloniaux et représentent depuis longtemps l’une des voies migratoires les plus accessibles aux femmes. Le Programme des aides familiales résidentes (PAFR) est le principal programme facilitant l’entrée de ce type de main-d’œuvre au Canada. Récemment, ce programme a été remplacé par le Programme des aides familiales (PAF), mais la façon dont ce remplacement va affecter les aides familiales reste indéterminée. Aussi nous recourons à notre connaissance des expériences des aides familiales sous l’ancien programme afin de tirer des leçons susceptibles de faciliter la compréhension des dynamiques se rapportant à la nouvelle politique d’immigration. En faisant appel au cadre de la chaîne globale des soins, nous examinons ici si la politique canadienne relative aux aides-soignants démontre une préoccupation pour le bien-être de ces migrants, en tant que travailleurs, membres d’une famille et citoyens. Notre analyse suggère que le PAF ne répond pas adéquatement aux critiques émises en lien à la chaîne globale des soins. En fait, le PAF pour-suit et approfondit la tendance consistant à voir dans la politique d’immigration un outil confinant les aides-soignants dans des emplois précaires, sans égard pour leurs droits du travail, leurs relations familiales et leurs sentiments d’appartenance et de citoyenneté.

For newcomers to Canada, placement agencies (or temp agencies) are a common path into a labour market that is difficult to access. It is widely documented that temp agencies are linked to precarious work conditions, dangerous occupational health conditions, racialized and gendered division of labour, and the exploitation of precarious immigration statuses. Our study shows that gender plays out strongly in (im)migrants’ experiences of temp agency work. Regardless of their previous education or experiences it is their immigration status, race and gender that seemed to dictate the types of work available to them. We discuss five elements of workers’ experiences that were strongly shaped by gender: their sectors of work; their tasks within the workplace; gender-normative bullying;
sexual harassment and assault; and their management of work-life balance.

Pour les nouveaux arrivants au Canada, les agences de placement (ou les agences de placement temporaire) sont une voie commune vers un marché du travail difficile d’accès. Il est largement documenté que les agences de placement temporaire sont liées à des conditions de travail précaires, à des conditions de santé professionnelles dangereuses, à la division du travail racialisée et sexuée et à l’exploitation de statuts d’immigration précaires. Notre étude montre que le genre joue un rôle important dans les expériences des (im)migrants dans le travail temporaire. Indépendamment de leurs études antérieures ou de leurs expériences, c’est leur statut d’immigration,
leur race et leur sexe qui ont dicté les types de travail disponibles. Nous discutons de cinq éléments de l’expérience des travailleurs qui ont été fortement façonnés par le genre: secteurs de travail, tâches sur le lieu de travail, intimidation sexiste, harcèlement sexuel et voies de fait, et gestion de l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée

This article focuses on the implications of administrative ‘undocumentedness’, arguing that a lack of legal recognition across jurisdictional boundaries has parallels whether international or inter-municipal. In Canada and China, migrant workers only began receiving significant public attention in the past 20 years. Canada has had a boom in the use of the Temporary Foreign Worker Program, yet tightening immigration procedures overall has led to a rise in the number of undocumented workers. While in China, most rural-to-urban migrants move without transferring their hukou residency registration. The authors argue that there are surprising parallels in the policy frameworks governing access to social rights for undocumented migrants in Quebec and in Shanghai, parallels that create social exclusion. Mutual lessons for addressing the social rights of irregular migrants are discussed.

Abstract
Resettling refugee women may be at greater risk than
other women for several harmful reproductive health outcomes as a result of their migration experience. The objective of this study was to determine differences in reproductive health status between refugee women in
countries of resettlement and non-refugee counterparts. A systematic review of the literature culled from five electronic databases and web searching of international agencies and academic centres focusing on refugees was
conducted. Of the forty-one high quality studies identified, fourteen looked at refugees exclusively; only nine of the fourteen focused on the reproductive health of refugees; six of the nine directly compared refugee to non-refugee women’s health. There is a paucity of populationbased data to support or refute claims of greater reproductive health risks for resettling refugee women.

Résumé
Les femmes réfugiées en situation de réétablissement
pourraient bien être plus susceptibles que d’autres femmes
de souffrir d’un certain nombre de conséquences néfastes en
matière de santé génésique suite à l’expérience de la migration.
Le but de cette étude était de cerner les différences entre le niveau de santé génésique des femmes réfugiées dans les pays de réétablissement et leurs congénères non-réfugiées. Pour ce faire, un examen systématique de la littérature provenant de cinq bases de données électroniques a
été entrepris, ainsi que des recherches sur le Web d’agences et de centres académiques internationaux. Des 41 études de haut niveau identifiées, seules 9 de ces études se concentraient sur la santé génésique des réfugiées ; 6 de ces 9 études effectuaient une comparaison directe entre la santé des réfugiées et celle des non-réfugiées. Il existe en fait un manque de données démographiques qui permettraient de soutenir ou de rejeter l’affirmation selon laquelle les risques sont accrus en matière de santé génésique chez les femmes réfugiées en cours de réétablissement.

Background

The high number of caesareans performed in High Income Countries (HICs) is of concern due to associated risks. Recommendations to reduce caesarean rates include preventing emergency caesareans among low-risk women (i.e., vertex, singleton, term pregnancies). Pregnant migrant women from low or middle income countries (LMICs) may face conditions that exacerbate childbearing and delivery health risks. The objective of this study was to identify medical, migration, social and health service predictors associated with emergency caesareans in low-risk migrant women from LMICs.

Methods

Using a case-control research design, migrant women from LMICs, and living in Canada ≤ 8 years were recruited from the postpartum units of three hospitals in a major urban Canadian city between March 2014 and January 2015. Data were collected from medical records and by administration of the Migrant-Friendly Maternity Care questionnaire (available in 8 languages). Low risk women who delivered by emergency caesarean for discretionary indications (cases) or vaginally (controls) were included in analyses. Multi-variable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of emergency caesarean.

Results

233 cases and 1615 controls were analyzed. Predictors of emergency caesarean were: pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 and/or excessive pregnancy weight gain (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.13), poor maternal health (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.95-1.98), admission to birthing centre < 4 cm dilated (OR = 6.48, 95% CI 3.50-12.01), maternal region of birth Sub-Saharan African/Caribbean (OR = 2.39, 95% CI 0.95-5.99), and length of time in Canada < 2 years (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.04-4.03). Among women < 2 years in Canada, gestational diabetes and/or hypertension (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 0.98-4.35), having a humanitarian migration classification (OR = 4.48, 95%CI 1.21-16.49), and admission to the birthing centre < 4 cm dilated (OR = 7.43, 95% CI 3.04-18.18) were important predictors.

Conclusion

There are important migration, medical, and health service predictors of emergency caesareans to migrant women from LMICs.

High caesarean birth rates among migrant women living in high-income countries are of concern. Women from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia consistently show overall higher rates compared with non-migrant women, whereas women from Latin America and North Africa/Middle East consistently show higher rates of emergency caesarean. Higher rates are more common with emergency caesareans than with planned caesareans. Evidence regarding risk factors among migrant women for undergoing a caesarean birth is lacking. Research suggests that pathways leading to caesarean births in migrants are complex, and they are likely to involve a combination of factors related to migrant women’s physical and psychological health, their social and cultural context and the quality of their maternity care. Migration factors, including length of time in receiving country and migration classification, have an influence on delivery outcome; however, their effects appear to differ by women’s country/region of origin.

The main objective of this data article is to present the data set which depicts the impact of child restraint legislation in Chile and its regions. The population of the study consisted of all car crashes records provided by the national police from 2002 to 2014, which included children aged 0–3. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average ARIMA and Poisson model were used to present the association between the dependent and independent variables of interest. When the data are analyzed, it will help to determine the degree of relationship and the strength of significance between child restraint legislation policies enacted in 2005 and 2007, and child occupant fatalities and injuries. The data are related to “Impact of child restraint policies on child occupant fatalities and injuries in Chile and its regions: An interrupted time-series study” (Nazif-Munoz et al., 2018).

This introduction provides the rationale for the special issue of the International Journal of Human Rights on the topic of the children’s right to participation and protection in international development and humanitarian efforts. It summarises selected contributions relating to an international conference entitled ‘Facilitating Child Participation in International Child Protection’ that took place 5–6 October 2015 at Ryerson University in Toronto (Canada). The concepts of child participation and child protection are explored. Then, the challenges and opportunities are highlighted regarding the actual and potential participatory role of children and young people in effective child protection. Finally, an overview of the articles included in this collection is provided.

Despite scarce empirical research in most countries, evidence has shown that young children are unsupervised or under the supervision of another young child while their adult caregivers attend work or engage in other activities outside the home. Lack of quality supervision has been linked to unintentional childhood injuries and other negative outcomes. Nationally representative, population-based data from rounds four and five of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and four to eight of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 61 low- and middle-income countries were used to estimate prevalence and socio-economic factors associated with leaving children under five years old home alone or under the care of another child younger than 10 years of age. Socio-economic factors included age and sex of the child, rurality, wealth, maternal education, and household composition. Large variations in the prevalence rates (0.1–35.3% for children home alone and 0.2–50.6% for children supervised by another child) and associated factors have been recorded within and across regions and countries. Understanding why and under what conditions children are home alone or under the supervision of another child is crucial to the development of suitable policies and interventions to protect young children, promote healthy growth, and support caregivers. View Full-Text

Limited access to healthcare for vulnerable immigrant children in Europe and North America is increasingly worrisome as immigration policies harden. This paper analyzes the gap between States’ obligations under international human rights law and the disparate local implementations in diverse countries. Studies that are both multidisciplinary and incorporate micro and macro level indicators are needed to reveal discrepancies between entitlements and access. It is argued that the lack of available data on the magnitude of the problem and on its individual and public health consequences stems from the conflicting situation faced by health institutions required to simultaneously protect the best interest of each child and allocate limited resources. Collaboration in research is urgently needed to assist policy-makers and institutions make informed decisions.

Access to health care for undocumented migrant children and pregnant women confronts human rights and professional values with political and institutional regulations that limit services. In order to understand how health care professionals deal with these diverging mandates, we assessed their attitudes toward providing care to this population. Clinicians, administrators, and support staff (n = 1,048) in hospitals and primary care centers of a large multiethnic city responded to an online survey about attitudes toward access to health care services. Analysis examined the role of personal and institutional correlates of these attitudes. Foreign-born respondents and those in primary care centers were more likely to assess the present access to care as a serious problem, and to endorse broad or full access to services, primarily based on human rights reasons. Clinicians were more likely than support staff to endorse full or broad access to health care services. Respondents who approved of restricted or no access also endorsed health as a basic human right (61.1%) and child development as a priority (68.6%). A wide gap separates attitudes toward entitlement to health care and the endorsement of principles stemming from human rights and the best interest of the child. Case-based discussions with professionals facing value dilemmas and training on children’s rights are needed to promote equitable practices and advocacy against regulations limiting services.

The 14-year civil conflict in Liberia resulted in the separation of many children from their families. A population-based, multi-stage random cluster knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey of 1157 child caregivers was conducted in 12 districts in Liberia. Knowledge of alternative care and adoption is low and varies significantly by residence. Common misunderstandings include thinking that biological parents may migrate in cases of inter-country adoption (42% of rural and Greater Monrovia (GM); p = 0.2138), and that there is a legal obligation to place children in institutions whenever they cannot be cared for by their parents (42% urban, 35% rural; p = 0.0009). Willingness is high to foster children across all settings; and to send children to live with relatives, non-relatives, or in orphanages, particularly in rural areas (p < 0.0001). Willingness to foster children with special needs is higher in GM (p < 0.0001). Access to schooling is the main reason children are separated from their parents. Relocating with spouse is common in GM (p = 0.0540) and to assist relatives or friends in rural and urban areas (p = 0.5047). Financial need drives child separation, mostly in GM (p = 0.0723). Regulatory measures and public education campaigns must be developed and evaluated overtime with due consideration of residence.

Drawing on eighty interviews with mixed couples in Quebec, this article discusses how parents in such unions negotiate strategies of cultural transmission and develop “identity projects” for their children, that is, blueprints for the children’s ethnic identities. Our data show that instead of one person having to take on the other’s culture, and the children adopting that culture, both partners usually embrace cultural differences as enriching for themselves, their children, and the society in which they live. It is not so much a question of transmitting a “heritage” but rather making available a set of virtual cultural resources to the child that he or she will activate (or not) later in life. We argue that through the choices they make, mixed couples contribute to shaping a society where plural identities are normalized. In so doing, they become important agents of social change and participate in the creation of an enduring diversity, a long-term transformation of Quebec society, and even contribute to the multiple meanings of “Quebecois.”

The DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) may become an important tool to help operationalize culture in the clinical realm. However, challenges exist in teaching its use to avoid the risk of stereotyping and oversimplification, which could result in misunderstanding and stigma. The aim of this article is to document whether the CFI can be taught using regular Interdisciplinary Case Discussion Seminars (ICDSs), proposed as continuing education in child mental health and as part of clinical rotations for new trainees. During a two-year evaluative research project, ICDSs were held monthly in three different primary care settings servicing recent immigrants in Montreal, Canada. ICDSs were recorded and analyzed to examine their effect on the cultural formulation process and focus groups were conducted to explore the subjective experience of the participant trainees and professionals. Results suggest that ICDSs are a helpful way to teach the use of the CFI. The group discussions helped participants to better capture the complexity of the cultural and social experience of the child and family by moving away from simple identity assignations, supporting an inquiry into structural dimensions, and considering stigma and inequality in their formulation. The multiple levels of diversity (individual, disciplinary, and interinstitutional) represented in the discussion groups helped clinicians to understand the cultural formulation as situated in a specific relational context and a particular moment and, in so doing, helped trainees to avoid cultural formulations that essentialize culture.

The literature emphasizes that the school environment is a key factor for the mental health and academic achievementof immigrant and refugee children. However, few studies examined the role of school environment and peerrelationships for these youth attending a special education class. The aim of this paper is to study the associationbetween emotional difficulties and academic performance and their correlates in first and second generationimmigrants assigned to a special class in a multiethnic environment. The results emphasize the need to adopt aneco-systemic model to understand the complex and probably bidirectional relations between the mental healthsymptoms and academic performance in immigrant adolescents identified as having difficulties by the school system.The salience of peer relations and classroom environment suggests that schools need to promote positive school-basedrelationships to improve immigrant adolescent mental health.

Objective: This mixed method study examines the perinatal health care for undocumented women in Montreal (Quebec) and documents their experiences of that care.

Method(s): Files of precarious status women were reviewed (n = 591) at a major hospital and two community health centres in Montreal to document maternity services received. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, 18 undocu-
mented women described their experiences of help seeking during pregnancy.

Results: File review confirmed that being uninsured is associated with substandard prenatal care. The qualitative analysis highlighted the numerous difficulties and sometimes abusive situations that undocumented pregnant women encounter while trying to access perinatal care.

Conclusion: These results suggest that it is urgent to revise provincial health policies in order to facilitate the access of undocumented women to care during the perinatal period.

This paper discusses results from a pilot study conducted in the spring of 2014 among young adults living in Montreal. The main objective of this study was to assess the relation between perception of the Charter of Quebec Values,¹ self-identification, perception of intercommunity relations, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in young students enrolled in undergraduate or graduate programs of a francophone university in Montreal. A total of 441 students (30.5% male, 69.5% female) took part in a web survey designed by the research team. The data analyses and results suggest that the debate around the Charter of Quebec values was associated with a shift from a predominantly positive perception of intercommunity relations to a predominantly negative one, particularly among women, immigrants, and those who self-identified as cultural or religious minorities. In addition, more than 30% of participants reported having experienced some form of ethnic or religious discrimination since the Charter was released (personally or as a witness). This was particularly the case among immigrants, as well as those who self-identified as bicultural or from cultural or religious minority groups. This study’s results thus highlight the exacerbation of intercommunity tensions linked to the public debate around identity and intercommunity relations in Quebec.

Au Canada, les demandeurs d’asile détenus en vertu des lois sur l’immigration sont enfermés dans des établissements de type carcéral, même si moins de 6 % d’entre eux sont soupçonnés de criminalité ou de dangerosité. Nous présentons un survol de la situation canadienne, incluant des données tirées de notre récente étude sur l’impact de la détention sur la santé mentale des demandeurs d’asile. Cette étude fut menée auprès de 122 demandeurs d’asile adultes détenus dans des centres de surveillance de l’immigration, à Montréal et à Toronto, et d’un groupe témoin de 66 demandeurs d’asile non détenus. Les demandeurs d’asile détenus vivent un sentiment de disempowerment et de perte d’agentivité en raison du régime de surveillance et de règles strictes dans lequel ils sont placés et de la durée indéterminée de leur détention. Après une incarcération moyenne de 31 jours, le niveau de symptômes psychiatriques était nettement plus élevé chez les demandeurs d’asile détenus que chez les non-détenus ayant eu une exposition traumatique prémigratoire équivalente. La Loi visant à protéger le système d’immigration du Canada (projet de loi C-31) prévoit que des demandeurs d’asile désignés par le ministre, incluant des jeunes de 16 ans et plus, seront automatiquement détenus avec une possibilité très limitée de demander la libération. Il faudrait, au contraire, envisager des solutions de rechange moins contraignantes.

OBJECTIVES:

The first objective of this qualitative component of a mixed-methods study is to provide a descriptive account of adult asylum seekers’ experience of detention in Canadian immigration detention centers. The second objective is to identify the main underlying factors accounting for their reported feelings of distress.

METHODS:

Researchers interviewed 81 adult asylum seekers held in two Canadian immigration detention centers concerning their experience of detention. Participants were drawn from a sample of 122 detained asylum seekers who had completed structured questionnaires about mental health and detention conditions.

RESULTS:

Asylum seekers expressed shock and humiliation at being “treated like criminals.” Detainees felt disempowered by the experience of waiting for an indeterminate period for the outcome of a discretionary decision over which they have little control, but which will determine their freedom and their future. For trauma survivors, detention sometimes triggered retraumatization.

CONCLUSIONS:

Detention, even for brief periods in relatively adequate conditions, was found to be detrimental to asylum seekers’ mental health. This adverse impact appears to be largely attributable to the combined effect of two factors: symbolic violence and disempowerment.

Pour l’élève immigrant, le contact interculturel occasionné par l’immigration génère une prise de conscience des différences et des ressemblances entre lui et les autres, ce qui influence son sentiment d’ipséité et sa perception de l’altérité. C’est notamment en jouant et en déplaçant les limites de son identité que l’enfant (re)définit qui il est. Cependant, cette mobilité des frontières identitaires peut ne pas être facilement perceptible. Une manière de rendre ce mouvement plus concret est d’avoir recours au dessin. Par le dessin, l’élève peut dévoiler d’importantes informations sur lui-même dont il n’est pas nécessairement conscient. Le dessin peut également lui permettre d’utiliser des symboles qui facilitent l’expression d’expériences qui n’ont pas été extériorisées et de les partager avec autrui. Enfin, le dessin peut ouvrir l’accès aux identifications vécues par l’enfant en donnant une forme symbolique ou figurative aux personnes auxquelles il s’identifie ou non.

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les dessins créés par deux jeunes immigrants sous l’angle du mouvement des frontières définissant l’identité et l’altérité. L’étude s’appuie sur des données obtenues dans le cadre d’une recherche-intervention de 14 semaines dans des classes d’accueil pour enfants immigrants d’une école primaire multiethnique de Montréal (Canada). À partir d’entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d’élèves immigrants, de leurs parents et de leurs enseignants, ainsi qu’à partir d’autoportraits thématiques et de dessins libres commentés qu’ils ont réalisés lors de l’intervention, les auteures décrivent comment deux jeunes élèves nouvellement arrivés au Québec (re)définissent leur identité en jouant dans leurs dessins avec les limites identitaires. Les résultats suggèrent que les élèves immigrants ont recours à des stratégies d’assimilation et de différenciation qui sont illustrées dans les dessins qu’ils réalisent, de façon séparée ou simultanée. Le dessin semble soutenir la (re)définition de l’identité de ces enfants.

Immigration is extremely stressful and has an impact on children’s identity construction. When immigrating, children must make sense of the changes they experience in order to develop a flexible and plural identity. Schools can foster this meaning-making process by promoting the creation of bridges between home and school social markers. These bridges allow movement between different aspects of students’ identity and account for multiple identity configurations. One way to promote connections between identities is to offer creative expression activities within classrooms. When drawing, children project their inner feelings onto images through symbols and identify to elements of their drawings, which contribute to their identity construction. In this paper, the authors rely on data obtained from immigrant children’s drawings and interviews to present three identity expression strategies put in place in their drawings: protective withdrawal on the identity of origin to allow movement between identities, mastery of globalized youth cultural identity and neutralization of identities. These strategies reveal the relationship between identities, particularly between the cultural identity of origin and that of the host culture. One strategy, the protective withdrawal on the identity of origin to allow movement between identities will be illustrated by the case of a young Chinese boy.

Because they propose a form of modeling, videos have been recognised to be useful to transfer knowledge about practices requiring teachers to adopt a different role. This paper describes the results of a satisfaction survey with 98 teachers, school administrators and professionals regarding their appreciation of training videos showing teacher-led psychosocial interventions. The association between teachers’ appreciation of the video and their desire to implement the intervention are explored in terms of authenticity, vicarious learning and self-efficacy, in an attempt to further comprehend how the use of video supports different aspects of modeling (skills – know-how, attitudes – know-how to be). The authors suggest that training videos featuring teachers leading psychosocial interventions support knowledge transfer because learners can relate to successful peers and can think of themselves as competent to replicate the intervention and comfortable to adopt a different role in the classroom. Parce qu’elles proposent une forme de modelage, les vidéos ont été reconnues comme utiles pour le transfert de connaissances au sujet des pratiques exigeant que les enseignants jouent un rôle différent. Cet article décrit les résultats d’une enquête sur la satisfaction réalisée auprès de 98 enseignants, administrateurs et professionnels scolaires quant à leur appréciation des vidéos de formation montrant des interventions psychosociales menées par des enseignants. Le lien entre l’appréciation de la vidéo par les enseignants et leur désir de mettre en pratique l’intervention est exploré en matière d’authenticité, d’apprentissage par procuration et d’auto-efficacité, pour tenter de mieux comprendre comment l’usage de la vidéo appuie différents aspects du modelage (aptitudes, savoir-faire, attitudes, savoir-être). Les auteurs suggèrent que les vidéos de formation montrant des enseignants menant des interventions psychosociales appuient le transfert de connaissances, car les apprenants peuvent s’identifier à des pairs qui réussissent et peuvent s’imaginer comme ayant la compétence pour reproduire l’intervention et être à l’aise d’adopter un rôle différent dans la salle de classe.

Identity construction can be very complex for refugee children, especially for Palestinian refugee children. For refugee children, organised violence and immigration are important parts of their life experience that can lead to trauma, which in turn influences how they construct their collective identity. Schools have to consider this specific experience as the development of a meaningful identity is an important factor in refugee students’ well-being and school adjustment. School-based activities centred on creative expression can help refugee students in expressing trauma and in making sense of their identity and migration experience. This paper presents the case study of a 9-year-old Palestinian refugee boy in Canada and explores how he expressed and made sense of his multiple identities in his drawings. Many features of the boy’s drawings evoked a wounded identity, especially spatial disorganisation and enmeshment. Data analysis revealed that the boy might have been experiencing collective identity trauma and that he used drawing and a peer as props to heal his wounded identity. Both drawing and the space offered by his teacher to safely explore and experiment with different identities contributed to the integration of his multiple identities into a meaningful whole, which contributed to his school adjustment.

Quelles sont les particularités de l’intervention en soutien à domicile auprès des personnes âgées immigrantes ? L’auteure propose de les décrire et de les comprendre en s’intéressant précisément aux dimensions relationnelles et communicationnelles, qui se révèlent fondamentales à l’échec ou à la réussite des interventions.

Mettant au premier plan les hommes et les femmes qui œuvrent dans ce secteur d’activité, l’approche ethnographique adoptée permet de saisir l’interaction dans ses multiples facettes : interactionnelles, subjectives, intersubjectives, organisationnelles et sociales. Des cas concrets, tirés d’observations d’interventions, et des extraits d’entretiens démontrent que la culture, en lien avec l’ethnicité, n’est qu’un des éléments qui caractérisent l’intervention et qu’il importe de prendre en considération l’influence d’autres espaces identitaires et culturels (cultures institutionnelles et organisationnelles, culture du service, culture professionnelle, culture du domicile).

La démarche proposée déborde des cadres théoriques actuels et intègre de multiples perspectives : communicationnelles, sociales, cliniques, critiques et éthiques. Les résultats interrogent notamment le rapport à l’altérité et dénotent l’importance de considérer la diversité chez l’ensemble de la clientèle, que celle-ci ait un vécu migratoire ou non. Ils remettent aussi en question le fonctionnement actuel de l’organisation des soins et des services à domicile en dénonçant les effets de l’implantation de l’idéologie gestionnaire dans ce contexte particulier d’intervention.

L’ouvrage intéressera avant tout les intervenants et les gestionnaires du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux qui souhaitent connaître, de l’intérieur, le travail réel et le travail vécu des intervenants en soutien à domicile dans un contexte pluriethnique.

Interpreting in medical and especially in psychiatric and psychotherapy settings is an ethical imperative. In mental health, clinical assessment and intervention require that the interpreter have specific skills and sensitivity to work with a patient-centered approach. This chapter provides an orientation to working with mental health interpreters, with a review of relevant research literature and theoretical models followed by guidelines and practical recommendations relevant to cultural consultation. Key principles are presented on how to work with interpreters in various contexts (e.g. CBT, psychodynamic, family therapy). Case vignettes from the CCS are provided throughout the text to illustrate the main points. In cultural consultation, issues of roles, neutrality and the interpreter’s identity (age, gender, ethnicity, religion, political orientation) should be carefully considered. In addition to the individual characteristics of interpreters, it is essential that organizational efforts are made to adapt institutional policies to patients’ linguistic and cultural diversity. Institutional change depends on recognizing interpreters’ skills and contributions to clinical work and encouraging practitioners to work with trained interpreters rather than untrained or ad hoc interpreters, especially family members. Quality assurance standards must formally require the routine use of interpreters in mental health and there must be mechanisms in place to monitor and enforce these standards.

L’importance de l’interprétariat dans le domaine de la santé mentale en situation de barrières linguistique et culturelle n’est plus à démontrer. Le dialogue est la base à partir de laquelle l’évaluation et le traitement sont élaborés, et la langue est le principal moyen par lequel les usagers transmettent leurs souffrances et par lequel les intervenants partagent leur compréhension de la situation de ces derniers. La présence d’un interprète est dès lors cruciale en contexte plurilingue. Toutefois, travailler avec un interprète ne s’improvise pas et nécessite de savoir à qui on a à faire et ce que l’on en attend, mais implique également des enjeux relationnels que cette tierce personne peut susciter. Les conséquences éthiques sont grandes et les dilemmes qui peuvent en résulter soulignent une nécessité d’encadrement

L’implication se pose, et s’insinue de manière complexe, dans nos réflexions et nos choix, en tant que chercheur. Elle nous apparaît dans sa complexité comme le contenant d’un ensemble de liens que nous avons avec l’objet de recherche, sa « naissance », sa construction, son cheminement, son devenir, en nous et hors de nous. L’implication est ce terme général qui « permet d’inclure toutes les relations…

Cet article porte sur le sujet de la mort et du deuil en contexte migratoire. Il  repose sur deux recherches qualitatives menées sur le territoire du Québec au Canada. La première a permis de rencontrer des femmes et hommes endeuillés, des informateurs clés de religions chrétienne, musulmane et hindoue. La deuxième porte sur les transmissions intergénérationnelles de trios générationnels de femmes réfugiées. Les principaux résultats présentés mettent en avant l’importance des pratiques rituelles funéraires lorsque la perte d’un être cher se produit dans la société d’accueil. Cependant, le respect et l’application de ces pratiques dépendent du cadre juridique de la société d’accueil. Les personnes endeuillées s’adaptent alors et développent des stratégies pour maintenir les pratiques les plus significatives. Enfin, le discours des femmes réfugiées nous amène à porter un autre regard sur l’investissement des réseaux transnationaux et la migration lors de l’événement de la mort et du deuil.