Politiques des morts et pratiques des vivants : enjeux autour des morts en migration
Family’s Migration Experience and Distress Among Asian-Canadian Immigrant Youth
Moon, J., & Ruiz-Casares, M. (2019)
Asian immigrant parents often expect their children to pursue higher education and to succeed academically; this may be reinforced as parents lose social status upon arrival to the host country. In response, Asian immigrant youth often experience psychological distress and alienation from their parents. We studied Asian immigrant youth’s exposure to parental expectations and parents’ struggles post-migration to Canada, in conjunction with Asian immigrant youth’s career and academic choices and level of distress. Forty-nine first- and second-generation Asian immigrant university students from a single Canadian university institution completed an on-line survey assessing their migration trajectory, parents’ expectation and influence in choosing their field of study, and distress. Parental difficulties and participants’ awareness of those were highly correlated with perceptions of high parental expectations and filial piety. Whereas second-generation youth focused more on how they received direct pressure from parents to succeed according to parental standards, first-generation youth placed higher emphasis on how their own awareness of parental difficulties acted as a source of internal motivation. The average depression score of first-generation respondents was significantly higher than that of second-generation respondents, and association between family’s financial struggle and guilt was observed. This study provides insight on possible contributors to distress in Asian immigrant youth related to parental expectations and struggles post-migration.
Les parents immigrés asiatiques s’attendent souvent à ce que leurs enfants poursuivent des études supérieures et réussissent dans leurs études. Cette attente peut être renforcé lorsque les parents perdent leur statut social à leur arrivée au Canada. En réaction, les jeunes immigrants asiatiques éprouvent souvent une détresse psychologique et une aliénation de leurs parents. Nous avons étudié l’exposition des jeunes immigrants asiatiques aux attentes parentales et aux difficultés vécus par leurs parents suite à l’immigration au Canada, ainsi que les choix de carrière, les choix scolaires et le niveau de détresse chez des jeunes immigrants asiatiques. Quarante-neuf immigrés d’Asie de première et de deuxième génération qui étudient dans une institution universitaire canadienne ont participé à un sondage en ligne évaluant leur trajectoire migratoire, les attentes des parents et leur influence dans le choix de leur domaine d’études, ainsi que leur niveau de détresse. Les difficultés reliées à immigration des parents et la conscience des participants à ces problèmes étaient liées aux perceptions d’attentes parentales élevées et à la piété filiale. Alors que les jeunes de la deuxième génération se concentraient davantage sur la manière dont ils se sentaient obligés de répondre aux attentes des parents, les jeunes de la première génération d’immigrant ont fait part qu’ils ont pleinement conscience des difficultés éprouvées et vécues par leur parents et cela constitue pour eux une source de motivation interne. Le score moyen de dépression des répondants de la première génération était significativement supérieur à celui des répondants de la deuxième génération. En plus, nous avons noté un lien entre les difficultés financières de la famille et la culpabilité chez les répondants. Cette étude offre un aperçu des facteurs qui contribuent à la détresse chez les jeunes immigrants asiatiques, liés aux attentes des parents et aux difficultés qu’ils rencontrent suite à la migration.
Transcultural Mental Health Services for Refugees
Measham, T., Guzder, J., Jarvis, G. E., Elias, R., Rousseau, C., Nadeau, L., & Hassan, G. (2019)
Introduction to the Themed Section: A Question of Caring‐Ethical and Policy Dilemmas Arising From Care Migration
Tungohan, E., & Hanley, J. (2019)
L’école à l ’épreuve de la diversité ethnoculturelle de son personnel: regards compréhensifs croisés [Introduction thématique]
Morrissette, J. et Audet, G. (2018)
Ce numéro d’Alterstice s’inscrit dans le contexte actuel, où les rencontres interculturelles sont multipliées. La diversification des société fait naître différentes problématiques, notamment celles liées à l’intégration sociale et professionnelle des immigrants et de leurs familles, en particulier dans les grands centres urbains, où ils ont davantage tendance à s’établir. Mais c’est à l’école, dans les établissements scolaires et leurs environnements, lieux privilégiés de rencontres, de maillage et de métissage, que cet enjeu prend forme, dans des dynamiques de socialisation aux codes du vivre ensemble.
Nous interrogeons ici les expériences et relations interculturelles au sein de la communauté éducative, ce qui implique de porter attention à une multiplicité d’acteurs : enseignants, élèves, professionnels (orthopédagogues, éducateurs spécialisés, etc.), équipe de direction, employés de soutien (secrétaire, concierge, etc.), familles, organismes communautaires, etc. Divers éclairages théoriques et empiriques sont proposés pour appréhender les processus d’ajustements continus et réciproques dans la négociation de cette diversité à l’école, au travers des interactions quotidiennes.
Sont regroupés d’abord les textes qui rapportent spécifiquement la perspective des enseignants formés à l’étranger à propos de leurs expériences d’intégration dans le nouveau milieu professionnel, au Québec et en Ontario. Sont ensuite proposés des textes qui croisent les regards de différents acteurs sur la diversité ethnoculturelle au sein de l’école et les défis qu’elle soulève, mais aussi les ressources qu’elle constitue pour les relations au sein de l’écologie professionnelle.
Current Challenges in Addressing Youth Mental Health in the Context of Violent Radicalization
Rousseau, C., & Hassan, G. (2019)
Although structural violence and social inequality affect youth physical and mental health throughout the world, the problem of violent radicalization (VR) has more recently emerged as an area of concern for professionals working with youth. Radicalization is a dynamic, complex process that is generated and fueled by intercommunity frictions and conflicting political, social, and economic discourses and interests. It takes the form of a shift away from a moderate point of view to a rigid one that rejects the status quo and demands drastic societal change, although not necessarily through violence.2 Violent radicalization is when radicalization includes the support of or the plan to use violent measures, including hate crimes and incidents and/or mass killings, often targeting a group characteristic (race, religion, gender orientation and identity, or political views), to achieve one’s goals of social change.
Ebola and Localized Blame on Social Media: Analysis of Twitter and Facebook Conversations During the 2014–2015 Ebola Epidemic
Roy, M., Moreau, N., Rousseau, C., Mercier, A., Wilson, A., & Atlani-Duault, L. (2019)
This study aimed to analyze main groups accused on social media of causing or spreading the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. In this analysis, blame is construed as a vehicle of meaning through which the lay public makes sense of an epidemic, and through which certain classes of people become “figures of blame”. Data was collected from Twitter and Facebook using key word extraction, then categorized thematically. Our findings indicate an overall proximate blame tendency: blame was typically cast on “near-by” figures, namely national governments, and less so on “distant” figures, such as generalized figures of otherness (“Africans”, global health authorities, global elites). Our results also suggest an evolution of online blame. In the early stage of the epidemic, blame directed at the affected populations was more prominent. However, during the peak of the outbreak, the increasingly perceived threat of inter-continental spread was accompanied by a progressively proximal blame tendency, directed at figures with whom the social media users had pre-existing biopolitical frustrations. Our study proposes that pro-active and on-going analysis of blame circulating in social media can usefully help to guide communications strategies, making them more responsive to public perceptions.
A Qualitative Analysis of Coping With Trauma and Exile in Applied Theatre With Syrian Refugees : The Role of Within-Group Interactions
S. de Smet, C. Rousseau, C. Stalpaertd et L. De Haenee (2019, aout)
Around the world, armed conflicts force people to leave their homes, families, and communities in search of protection from collective violence, and seek to regain a meaningful perspective on their lives within the borders of their Western host societies. As the dynamics of organized violence and forced displacement continue to impact and disrupt relationships in refugee communities, scholars in the field of refugee trauma care have increasingly argued for the need to understand spaces that are able to restore safety, meaning, and connectedness in the process of post-trauma reconstruction within those disrupted communities. This is reflected in the growing interest in community-based psychosocial interventions. In this article, we focus on applied theatre interventions with refugee communities. In doing so, we aim to understand the restorative role of within-group interactions in applied theatre. We performed a case study of a community-based applied theatre project with Syrian refugees who were recently resettled in Belgium. The qualitative analysis that was the result of this case study allows us to develop an understanding of the various processes of coping with trauma and exile that are at play in within-group interactions between Syrian community members in applied theatre, against a background of authoritarian rule, collective violence, and forced displacement.
Highlights
Within-group interactions in applied theatre can play a r5restorative role in coping with trauma and exile in refugee communities.
The group in applied theatre provides participants a temporary safe haven.
Within-group interactions reinstall a sense of personal continuity.
Within-group interactions install a sense of hope for political and social change.
Within-group interactions enable participants to reshape cultural belonging.
Learning From Partnership Tensions in Transcultural Interdisciplinary Case Discussion Seminars: A Qualitative Study of Collaborative Youth Mental Health Care Informed by Game Theory
Johnson-Lafleur, J., Papazian-Zohrabian, G. et Rousseau, C. (2019)
Although collaborative care was adopted in several countries, including Canada, to improve the health and social services system, partnerships are often experienced as challenging. In many cases, transformative partnership remains a political rhetoric rather than a practical reality. This article presents an analysis of partnership relationships in youth mental health (YMH) using insights from game theory and a qualitative analysis of interactions during transcultural interinstitutional and interdisciplinary case discussion seminars (TIICDSs).
Drawing on the analysis of 40 seminar sessions and six focus groups with seminar participants conducted in Montréal (Canada) between October 2013 and April 2015, this article interrogates the conditions and processes present in TIICDSs that contribute to building and strengthening YMH partnerships, examining how tensions among TIICDS participants are attended to.
Research results indicate that TIICDSs can be seen as a game operating under different rules than real-life clinical work. They are characterized by the establishment of a climate of trust and respect, a high value placed on diversity and creativity, a concern for affects and power dynamics, a process of inclusive dialogue and negotiation, and a consideration for continuity. The game rules allow participants to safely apprehend a situation from a different perspective, a key competence in intercultural and collaborative YMH care. Results also indicate that participants complexify their representations by playing with divergent perceptions of people and situations and that enhanced case formulations are collective game outcomes. In light of our findings, tensions in collaborations can be seen as constituting both obstacles that can be counterproductive if not attended to, as well as powerful and useful learning tools that, under certain conditions, can support the clinical process and contribute to partnership building. Some clinical and partnership impasses may be overcome through clinical case discussions that allow partners to address these tensions and negotiate power relationships.
Prendre en compte l’expérience pré-, péri- et post-migratoire des élèves réfugiés afin de favoriser leur accueil et leur expérience socioscolaire
Papazian-Zohrabian, G. Mamprin, C. Lemire, V. et Turpin-Samson, A. (2018)
À la suite de l’arrivée de nombreux réfugiés syriens en 2015-2016 et dans le but de les accueillir, plusieurs mesures extraordinaires et ressources supplémentaires ont été déployées par le gouvernement du Canada. En considérant que près de la moitié des nouveaux arrivants étaient mineurs, l’école québécoise s’est retrouvée devant de nombreux défis relatifs à l’accueil et à l’organisation des pratiques scolaires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené une recherche-action visant à évaluer une intervention mise en place en contexte scolaire pour favoriser le bienêtre et le sentiment d’appartenance des élèves réfugiés syriens.
L’action comportait deux volets distincts : des groupes de parole menés en classe sur des sujets sensibles (ex. : la migration, les deuils et les pertes, la famille) et un accompagnement psychosocial proposé à des élèves identifiés par les acteurs scolaires comme étant potentiellement en mal-être. Cinq classes, provenant de deux écoles secondaires et une école primaire, ont participé à la recherche.
Cet article reprend des données secondaires collectées dans ce cadre pour mettre en lumière des résultats de recherche qui soulignent l’importance de la compréhension et de la prise en compte de l’expérience pré-, péri- et post-migratoire des élèves réfugiés en vue de favoriser leur accueil et leur expérience socioscolaire. Nous discutons, entre autres, de l’écart important entre la perception des acteurs scolaires du parcours migratoire et du vécu de leurs élèves réfugiés d’une part et de l’expérience réelle de ceux-ci d’autre part.
Vers une conception théorique multidimensionnelle du climat scolaire interculturel
Archambault, I., McAndrew, M.; Audet, G., Borri-Anadon, C., Hirsch, S., Amiraux, V. et Tardif-Grenier, K. (2018)
Le climat d’une école résulte des relations continues entre les individus qui la composent. Dans les milieux où la diversité ethnoculturelle est très présente, ces relations entre les acteurs contribuent donc nécessairement à la construction du climat. Il n’existe toutefois aucune définition claire du climat scolaire interculturel. Une telle définition est pourtant nécessaire, tant pour mieux comprendre les normes, les valeurs, les croyances et les échanges qui existent entre les acteurs issus de la diversité au sein d’un milieu que pour identifier les pratiques qui sont ou qui devraient être mises en place par l’école pour soutenir la réussite de tous les élèves.
S’inscrivant dans une perspective interculturelle et inclusive, nous visons dans un premier temps à combler les limites actuelles des écrits scientifiques en proposant une définition théorique du climat scolaire interculturel qui prévaut dans les écoles. Cette définition comporte cinq dimensions, soit 1) l’engagement de l’école en faveur d’une culture d’équité et d’ouverture à la diversité dans les rapports avec les élèves, les familles et la collectivité, 2) le statut et la légitimité des cultures et des langues d’origine dans les pratiques en classe et dans les normes et les règlements des établissements, 3) les attitudes du personnel à l’égard des élèves et des familles d’origines diverses et de la diversité en général, 4) la qualité des relations interculturelles entre les élèves et le personnel d’origines diverses et, enfin, 5) le soutien de l’école à la construction identitaire des jeunes issus de la diversité.
Dans un second temps, nous présentons un portrait des rares liens documentés entre ces différentes facettes du climat scolaire interculturel et la réussite éducative des élèves.
Exploring Community Mobilization in Northern Quebec: Motivators, Challenges, and Resilience in Action
S. L. Fraser, S-R. Hordyk, N. Etok et C. Weetaltuk (2019)
Nunavimmiut (people of the land) are the Indigenous peoples of the northern peninsula of the province of Quebec. Communities of Nunavik and its regional organizations have been making concerted efforts in implementing community-based strategies to support family wellbeing. These community strategies are grounded in many of the values underpinning community psychology: favoring empowerment-oriented approaches, fostering community capacity, and transforming organizational cultures to allow for new modes of interaction, as well as new policies and practices that are grounded in community and culture. Despite the growing support and expectation for community mobilization, there is still very little research on the processes and challenges to such mobilization.
In this study, we explored the unique challenges and facilitators to community endeavors in northern Quebec in order to better understand the complex dynamics and the strengths that Inuit build upon. We first used a focused ethnographic approach in the context of a 5-year community mobilization project in Nunavik. We then conducted 12 individual interviews and two small group interviews with Inuit working on community-based wellbeing-oriented mobilization projects in four additional communities.
Results expose how sociogeographical realities and colonialism influence the process of community mobilization. They also highlight the values and motivational factors that lead community members to move beyond these influences
A Minimum Evaluation Protocol and Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial of Access Open Minds, a Large Canadian Youth Mental Health Services Transformation Project
Iyer, S. N., Shah, J., Boksa, P., Lal, S., Joober, R., Andersson, N., Malla, A. K., C. Rousseau et al. (2019)
Background: Many Canadian adolescents and young adults with mental health problems face delayed detection, long waiting lists, poorly accessible services, care of inconsistent quality and abrupt or absent inter-service transitions. To address these issues, ACCESS Open Minds, a multi-stakeholder network, is implementing and systematically evaluating a transformation of mental health services for youth aged 11 to 25 at 14 sites across Canada. The transformation plan has five key foci: early identification, rapid access, appropriate care, the elimination of age-based transitions between services, and the engagement of youth and families.
Methods: The ACCESS Open Minds Research Protocol has multiple components including a minimum evaluation protocol and a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial, that are detailed in this paper. Additional components include qualitative methods and cost-effectiveness analyses. The services transformation is being evaluated at all sites via a minimum evaluation protocol. Six sites are participating in the stepped-wedge trial whereby the intervention (a service transformation along the key foci) was rolled out in three waves, each commencing six months apart. Two sites, one high-population and one low-population, were randomly assigned to each of the three waves, i.e., randomization was stratified by population size. Our primary hypotheses pertain to increased referral numbers, and reduced wait times to initial assessment and to the commencement of appropriate care. Secondary hypotheses pertain to simplified pathways to care; improved clinical, functional and subjective outcomes; and increased satisfaction among youth and families. Quantitative measures addressing these hypotheses are being used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention
Exploring belonging: Experiences of refugee children and families in Camp Cosmos
N. Ives, PhD, H. Alqawasma, P. Kline, L. Morland, M. Rabiau, E. Gonzalez (2019)
Camp Cosmos was founded in 1971 in Montreal to provide children from diverse social, economic and cultural backgrounds with a safe and fun environment to play, learn and grow. The summer camp is grounded on an anti-oppression philosophy that drives its enriching intercultural, accessibility, environmental, youth leadership and athletic programs. After 47 summers of empowering children, building communities with families, and fostering support networks with partner organizations, Camp Cosmos continues to be a vehicle of social transformation in Montreal. Since 1971, more than 2000 children have participated in the Camp Cosmos summer camp program. In response to the Syrian refugee crises, Camp Cosmos expanded in 2016 to create a second camp on Montreal’s West Island. That year, 23 Syrian children were welcomed at both the West Island and Downtown locations. In summer 2017, numbers rose, with 28 Syrian children and 12 children whose families had recently crossed the Canadian/USA border for a total of 40 (camp fees waived). The total number of campers in 2017 was 121 (up from 50 in 2014). In addition to welcoming Syrian campers, there were also 3 young Syrian counselors-in- training who had their first Canadian job experience. In 2018, with the aim to continue adapting to the Montreal society’s needs, Camp Cosmos welcomed 158 campers from diverse backgrounds, introduced a sliding scale payment system to welcome a greater diversity of campers, and extended the hours of care to improve access to camp. The camp adapted their 5-day staff training to include a greater focus on their anti- oppression mandate and a focus on accessibility by collaborating with Montreal-based organizations. For the first time, the camp welcomed 12 and 13-year-old campers, filling the previously existing age gap, to participate in a new program that included both activities with the whole camp as well as volunteer opportunities at community organizations.
Chronic disease and malnutrition biomarkers among unemployed immigrants and Canadian born adults
Sia, D., Miszkurka, M., Batal, M., Delisle, H., Zunzunegui, MV. (2019)
Immigration status and unemployment may intersect on the health outcomes of men and women. This study aimed to identify intersections between unemployment and immigration in inflammatory, metabolic and nutritional blood markers and assess gender differences.
Methods
We used Canadian Health Measures Survey data on 2493 participants aged 18 to 65. Outcomes were chronic inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and fibrinogen), nutritional (albumin and hemoglobin), and metabolic blood markers (glycosylated hemoglobin, blood glucose, total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol). Multivariate linear regressions were used to assess the associations between each biomarker, unemployment and immigrant status, controlling for age, education, province, smoking, physical inactivity and body mass index and testing for multiplicative interactions between unemployment, immigrant status and gender.
Results
Unemployment was associated with higher inflammation (hsCRP and fibrinogen) in Canadian born men; Canadian born employed women showed higher hsCRP values compared with corresponding employed men. Unemployed immigrant women presented the highest values of hsCRP while employed immigrant women had the lowest hsCRP. Unemployment was associated with higher glucose; immigrant status was associated with higher glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin. Unemployed immigrants had significantly lower levels of hemoglobin and albumin than employed immigrants, and Canadian-born citizens regardless of their employment status. Some of these associations were attenuated after adjustment by body mass index, physical inactivity and smoking.
Conclusion
Blood biomarkers unveil intersections among unemployment, immigration and gender. This study provides evidence on biological pathways of unemployment on the likelihood of common chronic diseases, inflammation and potential malnutrition with some increased vulnerabilities in unemployed immigrants, and particularly in unemployed immigrant women.
Sur la corde raide Penser les modalités de formation en prévention de la radicalisation violente
É.Bourgeois-Guérin, C. Rousseau, G. Hassan et V. Michalon-Brodeur (2019)
La problématique de la radicalisation violente interpelle de plus en plus le champ politique qui y répond par des plans d’action consistant souvent en une multiplication de programmes, visant à la prévenir et/ou à la traiter et la mise en place de formations s’adressant aux services de sécurité ou aux acteurs du champ social. Au Québec, le gouvernement s’est doté d’un plan d’action (Gouvernement du Québec 2015) qui comprenait notamment le développement de formations sur la prévention de la radicalisation violente, destinées aux intervenants des milieux de la santé et de l’éducation, un volet qui a été confié au centre de recherche SHERPA (Montréal, Québec) par le ministère de la santé et des services sociaux ainsi que le ministère de l’éducation.
À notre connaissance, bien que la pertinence d’offrir de la formation en matière de prévention de la radicalisation violente aux acteurs des milieux de la santé et de l’éducation soit relevée par plusieurs études (Ranstorp & al. 2016, Robinson & al. 2017), peu s’attardent sur les contenus de ces formations et encore plus rares sont les écrits qui en évaluent l’impact. Les formations portant sur la prévention de la radicalisation violente sont ainsi prônées mais peu évaluées : cette faiblesse concerne la plupart des programmes de prévention de la radicalisation violente, dont l’efficacité reste à démontrer (Bossong 2012, Lum & al. 2006, Horgan & al. 2010, Ris & al. 2017).
Dans le cadre de cet article, la portée des formations menées par le centre de recherche SHERPA sera discutée. L’évaluation de ces formations, que nous décrirons ci-après, suggère que celles-ci deviennent un lieu où se jouent différents mouvements de polarisation au sein du groupe de participants autour de certains sujets. Le travail d’accompagnement du groupe par les formateurs devient alors un enjeu de premier plan pour éviter les clivages, la circulation de blâmes démobilisants et pour promouvoir un sentiment de compétence chez les participants.
D’une part, cet article décrit les processus groupaux documentés par le biais de l’observation participante. D’autre part, il examine les déclencheurs et analyse les stratégies qui permettent aux participants et aux formateurs de contenir les affects et de transformer les tensions en occasion d’apprentissage. Finalement, les résultats qualitatifs de l’observation participante servent d’amorce à une réflexion qui, en croisant les notions d’incertitude et d’angoisse, donne matière à penser aussi bien le phénomène de la radicalisation violente que celui de sa construction en objet de savoir.
A Qualitative Exploration of the Child Abuse Experiences of Sexual and Gender Minority Refugees and Asylees in the United States and Canada
EJ. Alessi, S. Kahn, S. Chatterji, and D. Manning (2019)
Research has shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) children are likely to experience chronic victimization and that these experiences
correlate with numerous mental health problems. However, there is little understanding of the abuse experiences of LGBT children living in countries where rights for sexual and gender minorities are limited or nonexistent. In this chapter, we explore the child abuse experiences that contribute to LGBT individuals’ decision
to flee their countries of origin in search of protection. In addition, we examine the impact of these abuse experiences on their pre-migration mental health. We conducted 26 interviews with individuals who obtained refugee or asylee status in the United States or Canada on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
Participants originated from countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. We identified the following themes: abuse by parents and caregivers, abuse by peers and school personnel, having nowhere to turn, and dealing with psychological distress. Findings demonstrate that
participants experienced severe verbal, physical, and sexual abuse throughout childhood and adolescence and that this abuse occurred at home, in school, and in the community. Furthermore, there were no resources or sources of protection available to them. Participants linked their abuse to subjective experiences of depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress, as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We provide implications for clinical practice as well as international policies that protect the well-being of children
What Roles Does Type of Sponsorship Play in Early Integration Outcomes? Syrian Refugees Resettled in Six Canadian Cities
M. Hynie, S.McGrath, J. Bridekirk, A. Oda, N. Ives, J. Hyndman, N. Arya, YB. Shakya, J.Hanley, K. McKenzie, and SyRIA.lth (2019)
There is little longitudinal research that directly compares the effectiveness of Canada’s Government-Assisted Refugee
(GAR) and Privately Sponsored Refugee (PSR) Programs that takes into account possible socio-demographic differences between them. This article reports findings from 1,921 newly arrived adult Syrian refugees in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. GARs and PSRs differed widely on several demographic characteristics, including length of time displaced. Furthermore, PSRs sponsored by Groups of 5 resembled GARs more than other PSR sponsorship types on many of these characteristics. PSRs also had broader social networks than GARs. Sociodemographic differences and city of residence influenced integration outcomes, emphasizing the importance of considering differences between refugee groups when comparing the impact of these programs.
Il existe peu de recherches longitudinales comparant directement l’efficacité des programmes gouvernemental (RPG) et privé (PPR) de parrainage des réfugiés au Canada qui tiennent compte de possibles différences socio-démographique entre eux. Cet article rend compte des résultats de 1921 nouveaux arrivants syriens adultes en Colombie-Britannique, en Ontario et au Québec. Les RPG et PPR diffèrent largement sur plusieurs caractéristiques démographiques, dont le temps du déplacement. De plus, les PPR parrainés par groupes de cinq ressemblaient davantage aux RPG que les autres types de parrainage PPR sur plusieurs de ces caractéristiques. Les PPR avaient aussi des réseaux sociaux plus larges que les RPG. Les différences sociodémographiques et la ville de résidence influent sur l’intégration, ce qui fait ressortir l’importance de tenir compte des différences entre les groupes de réfugiés dans la comparaison de l’impact de ces programmes.
Re-thinking the “Starting Point” for Research: The Challenges and Possibilities for Building Reflexive Knowledge with and about Queer and Trans Migrants
Lee, E. O. J., & León, A. (2019, octobre)
This chapter brings to the forefront various challenges of engaging in both critical and participatory forms of knowledge building, in particular with queer and trans migrants with precarious status. Two scholars trace their previous experiences of engaging in participatory and critical research as well as their shift toward reflexive ways of knowing. This shift elicits the ways in which Critical Participatory Action Research (CPAR) may be used to build reflexive knowledge with and about queer and trans migrant communities, and in particular, LGBTQ refugees and MSM Latino migrants.
La rencontre interculturelle − Enjeux et stratégies d’intervention auprès de travailleurs immigrants ayant subi une lésion professionnelle
Côté, Daniel; Dubé, Jessica (2019, octobre)
Pour intervenir auprès des travailleurs immigrants, les professionnels de la santé et les intervenants en santé et en sécurité du travail ont des contacts directs avec eux, soit en personne, soit par téléphone. Ces interlocuteurs étant issus d’horizons culturels variés, leurs rencontres, dites interculturelles, peuvent mettre en relief des perspectives très différentes. Or, on ne peut traiter un travailleur ayant subi une lésion professionnelle sans tenir compte d’une multitude de facteurs qui influencent ses valeurs et la représentation qu’il se fait de lui-même (identité personnelle, organisation sociale, éducation, classe sociale, genre, religion ou idéologie, etc.). Ces variables peuvent présenter d’importants écarts de représentations culturelles entre les individus et être une source de malentendus, d’incompréhension ou de désaccords qui doivent absolument être pris en considération. Pour que ces rencontres favorisent un retour réussi au travail, il importe d’encourager le développement de la compétence interculturelle des intervenants dans les organisations. Ce document a été conçu pour servir d’instrument de réflexion visant à favoriser le développement de telles compétences.
Intercultural Encounters – Issues and Intervention Strategies Involving Immigrant Workers with an Occupational Injury
Côté, Daniel; Dubé, Jessica (2019, octobre)
Québec’s labour market has changed significantly in the past few years, notably with the slower growth of the labour force, an aging population, higher education levels among workers and an increasing proportion of immigrants in the workforce.
In its recent work on occupational rehabilitation, the IRSST has taken a particular interest in workers in vulnerable situations, including immigrant workers. Immigrant workers are considered a more vulnerable population due to, among other things, their proportionately higher-than-average presence in sectors characterized by less favourable working conditions and higher exposure to the risk of occupational injuries. Language and cultural barriers sometimes compound these factors.
The content of this document derives from a study titled The Notion of Ethnocultural Belonging in Rehabilitation Research and Intervention: Knowledge Summaries (published in 2012) and a study (completed in 2017) on the rehabilitation and return-to-work trajectories of immigrant workers with an occupational injury. This study highlighted the role of the health professionals and OHS practitioners involved, their intervention strategies and interactions, and the issues specific to intercultural encounters, while underscoring the impact of the organizational context on these aspects
Collective Identity, Social Adversity and College Student Sympathy for Violent Radicalization
Rousseau, C., Oulhote, Y., Lecompte, V., Mekki-Berrada, A., Hassan, G., & El Hage, H. (2019)
Identity issues have been at the forefront in studies on determinants of youth violent radicalization. Identity uncertainty and identity fusion appear to be associated with quests for meaning, which may find some answers in extremist discourses and radical engagements. This process has been considered to be particularly important for second-generation migrants who have to negotiate multiple identities, sometimes in situations of social adversity. T
his paper aims to understand the relations between collective identity, social adversity (discrimination and exposure to violence), and sympathy for violent radicalization in College students in Quebec. This mixed-method study consisted of a large online survey conducted at eight colleges in Quebec. Multilevel analysis accounted for the clustered nature of data while generalized additive mixed models were used to study nonlinear relations.
Results highlight the complex associations between collective identity and youth sympathy for violent radicalization. They confirm that negative public representations of minority communities may lead to more sympathy for violent radicalization. Although results suggest that strong enough identities can act as protective anchorages for youth, they also indicate that when collective identity becomes too central in personal identity this may accentuate othering processes and legitimize violence toward the out-group.
These results have implications for prevention programs. They indicate that improving the public image of minority communities through mainstream media or the social media may increase youth public self-esteem and decrease their sympathy for violent radicalization. They also invite the education field to foster the development of strong plural identities
La Pratique de la thérapie et de la relation d’aide
Mearns, D., Thorne, B., Loyon, C., Pedevilla, S., & Rousseau, C. (2019, mai)
Synthèse sur la thérapie par l’approche centrée sur la personne (ACP), développée par le psychologue humaniste américain, Carl Rogers (1902-1987). Elle propose des clés pour comprendre la relation qui se noue entre un patient et son thérapeute à partir d’exemples concrets.
Premier colloque étudiant SHERPA
It is with great pleasure that SHERPA, University Institute with regard to ethnocultural communities, invites you to take part in the very first edition of itsstudent and young researchers conference. This event, which is open to all, will allow students and postdoctoral fellowsto present their research work and to discusstopicsrelated to our research niche. Whether […]
Barriers and Recruitment Strategies for Precarious Status Migrants in Montreal, Canada
M. Fête, J. Aho, M. Benoit, P. Cloos, V. Ridde (2019)
Precarious status migrants are a group of persons who are vulnerable, heterogeneous, and often suspicious of research teams. They are underrepresented in population-based research projects, and strategies to recruit them are described exclusively in terms of a single cultural group. We analyzed the recruitment strategies implemented during a research project aimed at understanding precarious status migrants’ health status and healthcare access in Montreal, Canada. The research sample consisted of 854 persons recruited from a variety of ethnocultural communities between June 2016 and September 2017. This article analyzes the strategies implemented by the research team to respond to the challenges of that recruitment, and assess the effectiveness of those strategies. Based on the results, we share the lessons learned with a view to increasing precarious status migrants’ representation in research.
A mixed sequential design was used to combine qualitative data gathered from members of the research team at a reflexive workshop (n = 16) and in individual interviews (n = 15) with qualitative and quantitative data collected using the conceptual mapping method (n = 10).
The research team encountered challenges in implementing the strategies, related to the identification of the target population, the establishment of community partnerships, and suspicion on the part of the individuals approached. The combination of a venue-based sampling method, a communications strategy, and the snowball sampling method was key to the recruitment. Linking people with resources that could help them was useful in obtaining their effective and non-instrumental participation in the study. Creating a diverse and multicultural team helped build trust with participants. However, the strategy of matching the ethnocultural identity of the interviewer with that of the respondent was not systematically effective.
The interviewers’ experience and their understanding of the issue are important factors to take into consideration in future research. More over, the development of a community resource guide tailored to the needs of participants should be major components of any research project targeting migrants. Finally, strategies should be implemented as the result of a continuous reflexive process among all members of the research team.
Re: The Role of Physicians in the Violence Epidemic
Comment-parler-de-sujets-sensibles_Trousse-pour-les-parents
Projections-causeries: comment parler de sujets sensibles avec les enfants et les jeunes?
Affiche
Comprendre pour mieux agir la radicalisation menant à la violence chez les jeunes. Guide à l’intention du personnel scolaire
Audet, G.; Fleury, R. et C. RousseauGeneviève Audet (2019)
Talking about violence in the news with youth
Cécile Rousseau, Tomas Sierra Audrey L-Lachaîne, Anousheh Mashouf, Élise Bourgeois-Guérin et Marie-Ève Paré (2018)
Talking about violence in the news with children
Cécile Rousseau, Tomas Sierra Audrey L-Lachaîne, Anousheh Mashouf, Élise Bourgeois-Guérin et Marie-Ève ParéCécile Rousseau, Anousheh Machouf, Elise Bourgeois-Guérin (2018)
Tragic events that occur in Québec and elsewhere in the world are reported in the news. We cannot always control what our children see or hear. Children are exposed to all sorts of information on television or the Internet. It can affect them and their friends in the classroom or elsewhere. As parents, the disturbing and violent content broadcast by the media can concern us, raising a number of questions:
– How can this affect my child?
– How should I react when a tragic event occurs?
– What words should I use?
– When is a good time to talk to my child about it?
When it comes to broaching hard subjects with our children, we sometimes feel powerless. However, it is important that we do because it helps them understand what is happening in the world around them. This leaflet provides some insight into how to broach hard subjects with school-age children at
home, as well as some helpful resources.
Talking about violence in the news with small children
Rousseau, C.; Michalon-Brodeur, V.; Sierra, T.; Machouf, A.; Lachaîne, A.Cécile Rousseau, Anousheh Machouf (2018)
Talking about violence in the news with small children
Cécile Rousseau, Tomas Sierra Audrey L-Lachaîne, Anousheh Mashouf, Élise Bourgeois-Guérin et Marie-Ève ParéCécile Rousseau, Anousheh Machouf, Elise Bourgeois-Guérin (2018)
Tragic events that occur in Québec and elsewhere in the world are reported in the news. As parents, we can find the disturbing and violent content broadcast by the media unsettling or troubling. Small children are sensitive to our emotions. At a very young age, children are already exposed to all types of information. As parents, we ask ourselves questions such as:
– Can this affect my child?
– How should I react when a tragic event occurs?
– Should I talk about it?
When it comes to broaching hard subjects with our children, we sometimes feel powerless. It is important to provide our small children with support. Fortunately, there are tools available to help us do that. This leaflet provides some insight into how to broach hard subjects with preschoolage children at home, as well as some helpful resources.
Addressing Mental Health Needs of Refugees
Rousseau, C. (2018)
Throughout history, refugees have alternatively been seen as entitled victims of adversity or as threats or abusers of host countries scarce resources. Within the present globalized context, ambivalent public perceptions of refugees are shattering the protective nature of the post migratory environment in refugee receiving countries. This raises new challenges for refugees’ mental health and calls for systemic responses to address both pre-migratory trauma and losses and post migratory adversities. Recent evidence on the effectiveness of mental health treatment for refugees confirms the utility of trauma-focused psychotherapy and the limits of psychopharmacology for stress related disorders in this group. Training of mental health professionals may improve the quality of care for refugees by deconstructing prevalent prejudices about them and promoting empathic understanding. Mental health professionals may also advocate by providing information about social determinants refugee mental health to policy makers and promoting psychosocial interventions and protective social policies.
Immigrants’ outcome after a first‐episode psychosis
Abdel‐Baki, A., Ouellet‐Plamondon, C., Medrano, S., Nicole, L., & Rousseau, C. (2018)
Aim
Immigration is a risk factor for psychosis emergence, and previous studies show that immigrants are less likely to engage in treatment for psychosis. However, the literature on outcome is scant and heterogeneous. This study was designed to compare first‐generation (FGI) and second‐generation immigrants (SGI) to non‐immigrants’ symptomatic and functional outcomes 2 years after a first‐episode psychosis (FEP).
Methods
A 2‐year prospective longitudinal study of 223 FEP patients between 18 and 30 years took place in two early intervention services (EIS) in Montreal, Canada.
Results
Forty‐two per cent of the sample were immigrants (FGI (n = 56), SGI (n = 38)). Compared with non‐immigrants, immigrants had similar symptomatic and functioning profiles at baseline, 1 and 2 years, except that fewer SGI had a history of homelessness and more were living with their families. FGI were less likely to have a substance use disorder but more likely to pursue their studies and to present depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
Even if immigrants are known to be at greater risk of developing psychosis, probably secondary to stress related to immigration, their symptomatic and functional outcomes, once engaged in EIS treatment, are similar to or sometimes better than non‐immigrants’ outcomes. Because immigrants tend to be less engaged in their follow‐up, understanding why they disengage from treatment is crucial to develop better therapeutic approaches to better engage them as EIS treatment can improve their outcomes effectively.
Exposure to Extremist Online Content Could Lead to Violent Radicalization:A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence
Hassan, G Brouillette-Alarie, S Alava, S Frau-Meigs, D Lavoie, L Fetiu, A Varela, W Borokhovski, E Venkatesh, V Rousseau, C Sieckelinck, S (2018)
Abstract: The main objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the empirical evidence on how the Internet and social media may, or may not, constitute spaces for exchange that can be favorable to violent extremism. Of the 5,182 studies generated from the searches, 11 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We considered empirical studies with qualitative, quantitative, and mixed designs, but did not conduct meta-analysis due to the heterogeneous and at times incomparable nature of the data. The reviewed studies provide tentative evidence that exposure to radical violent online material is associated with extremist online and offline attitudes, as well as the risk of committing political violence among white supremacist, neo-Nazi, and radical Islamist groups. Active seekers of violent radical material also seem to be at higher risk of engaging in political violence as compared to passive seekers. The Internet’s role thus seems to be one of decision-shaping, which, in association with offline factors, can be associated to decision-making. The methodological limitations of the reviewed studies are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research
The Social Networks, Social Support and Social Capital of Syrian Refugees Privately Sponsored to Settle in Montreal: Indications for Employment and Housing During Their Early Experiences of Integration
Hanley, J,; Al Mhamied, A.; Cleveland, J.; Hajjar, O.; Hassan, G.; Ives, N.; Khyar, R.; Hynie, M. (2018)
Beginning in 2015, Canada undertook an exceptional undertaking of sponsoring of more than 40,000 Syrian refugees to resettle in Canada. As the excitement of their initial arrivals dissipates, it is important to consider their longer-term settlement and integration in their new communities. This article offers a portrait and analysis of how Syrian refugees sponsored to Montreal are able to create social networks and access social support in order to build social capital for employment and housing purposes. Part of a larger, three-province, 4-year longitudinal study, here we report on the first wave of survey data collected from 626 Privately-Sponsored Refugees living in Quebec. We report on their family support and friendships, as well as the ways that these social connections helped them in terms of employment and housing. Differences in terms of age, gender and time in Canada are analyzed. We find strong evidence of bonding social capital among recently resettled Syrians in Montreal, and growing bridging capital.
Résumé:
Depuis 2015, le Canada est engagé dans un processus exceptionnel de parrainage de plus de 40,000 réfugiés syriens réinstallés au Canada. Alors que l’enthousiasme initial suscité par leur arrivée se dissipe, il est important d’examiner leur installation et leur intégration à long terme au sein de leurs nouvelles communautés. Cet article offre un portrait et une analyse de la manière dont les réfugiés syriens établis à Montréal réussissent à créer des réseaux sociaux et à accéder à l’appui social afin de pouvoir développer du capital social pour les fins de l’emploi et du logement. Faisant partie d’un projet longitudinal de 4 ans dans 3 provinces, ici nous partageons une partie des résultats de la première vague de données provenant de 626 réfugiés parrainés par la collectivité et vivant au Québec. Nous décrivons leur réseau de soutien familial et social et comment ces connections sociales les ont aidé à accéder à l’emploi et au logement. Les différences en termes d’âge, de genre et de résidences au Canada sont analysés. Nous observons une forte présence du capital social de liaison (bonding) parmi les réfugiés syriens installés dans la région de Montréal, et l’émergence du capital social de transition (bridging).
International mobility coming to roost in Quebec small towns: Analyzing community response to the arrival of Central American temporary foreign workers
Hanley, J.; Gravel, S.; Bernstein, S.; Villanueva, F.; Villareal, DC. (2015)
Central American temporary foreign workers in Québec smalltowns: A portrait of community response
Hanley, J.; Gravel, S.; Francisco, V.; Villarreal, DC.; Bernstein, S. (2015)
ecent years have seen an explosion of the recruitment of Central American Temporary Foreign Workers (TFWs) by agricultural operations and other businesses in Québec small towns. The mobility of one group (the TFWs) underpins the ability of another group (Québec small-town residents) to avoid migration by contributing to the continued viability of economic activity in Québec small towns. In this article, we examine the “fragile entanglement of physical movement, representations, and practices” (Cresswell, 2010, p.18) as evidenced in Central American TFWs’ experiences interacting with local community members as well as the response of local businesses, local social and community services, and local churches to the presence of TFWs in their communities. Drawing on data from focus groups with TFWs (n=31) and interviews with employers (n=17), advocates (n=13) and government actors (n=10), we come to the conclusion that Québec small towns have been transformed by the cyclical mobility of TFWs but that the possibilities for diminishing the unequal power relationships and allowing for long-term integration and community development are limited so long as both the TFW Program continues to constrain the social, employment and geographic mobility of TFWs and Québec refuses to consider all occupational levels for permanent residency under the Québec Experience Program.
Pathways to Healthcare for Migrant Workers: How Can Health Entitlement Influence Occupational Health Trajectories?
Hanley, J.; Gravel, S.; Lippel, K.; Koo, J-H. (2014)
Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire sur l’accès aux services de santé des migrants à statut précaire. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 211 hommes et femmes migrants, et parmi ceux-ci, 31 ont été retenus pour un entretien en profondeur. Pour cet article, nous présentons les résultats concernant 78 travailleurs comprenant ceux recrutés en tant que travailleurs (travailleurs étrangers temporaires) ou qui n’ont pas d’accès au filet de sécurité sociale et doivent habituellement travailler (les sans-papiers). Une revue de la littérature est présentée, reliant le statut migratoire à l’accès aux soins de santé et aux problèmes de santé au travail. Nous présentons la méthodologie et ensuite les résultats qui décrivent les réseaux sociaux auxquels les travailleurs migrants ont recours pour répondre à leurs préoccupations en matière de santé, comprenant notamment les professionnels du Québec, et des ressources transnationales en santé. Ces résultats pourront être utiles aux professionnels de la SST pour comprendre certains obstacles auxquels font face les travailleurs migrants ayant subi un accident du travail ou une maladie professionnelle. Les difficultés d’accès aux soins de santé peuvent-elles compromettre le recours des travailleurs migrants victimes de lésions professionnelles ?
Le droit international à l’éducation: un droit brimé pour les enfants sans statut au Québec
Does Canada “Care” about Migrant Caregivers?: Implications under the Reformed Caregiver Program
Hanley, J.; Larios, L.; Koo, J. K. (2017)
Abstract:
Domestic and caregiving work have been part of the Canadian fabric since our colonial founding and have long represented one of the most easily accessible routes for migration open to women. Until very recently the Live-In Caregiver Program (LCP) operated as the primary program in Canada facilitating this labour migration. While the LCP has been replaced by the Caregiver Program (CP), it has yet to be determined how these changes will impact migrant caregivers. We suggest that many lessons can be drawn from our knowledge of migrant caregivers’ experiences under the LCP that can help us understand the dynamics of new immigration policies. Using the global care chain framework, we consider here whether Canada’s caregiver migration policy demonstrates a concern for the wellbeing of migrant caregivers as workers, as family members and as citizens. Our analysis suggests that the CP does not adequately address the concerns raised through the global care chain critique. Rather, the CP continues and deepens the trend of using immigration policy to hold people in substandard employment, with very little care for migrant caregivers whether in terms of their labour rights, their family relationships or their sense of belonging and citizenship.
Résumé:
Le travail domestique et le travail d’aide-soignant font partie de la réalité canadienne depuis nos débuts coloniaux et représentent depuis longtemps l’une des voies migratoires les plus accessibles aux femmes. Le Programme des aides familiales résidentes (PAFR) est le principal programme facilitant l’entrée de ce type de main-d’œuvre au Canada. Récemment, ce programme a été remplacé par le Programme des aides familiales (PAF), mais la façon dont ce remplacement va affecter les aides familiales reste indéterminée. Aussi nous recourons à notre connaissance des expériences des aides familiales sous l’ancien programme afin de tirer des leçons susceptibles de faciliter la compréhension des dynamiques se rapportant à la nouvelle politique d’immigration. En faisant appel au cadre de la chaîne globale des soins, nous examinons ici si la politique canadienne relative aux aides-soignants démontre une préoccupation pour le bien-être de ces migrants, en tant que travailleurs, membres d’une famille et citoyens. Notre analyse suggère que le PAF ne répond pas adéquatement aux critiques émises en lien à la chaîne globale des soins. En fait, le PAF pour-suit et approfondit la tendance consistant à voir dans la politique d’immigration un outil confinant les aides-soignants dans des emplois précaires, sans égard pour leurs droits du travail, leurs relations familiales et leurs sentiments d’appartenance et de citoyenneté.
Gender dynamics of temporary placement agency work: (Im)migrants, know your place!
Hanley, J.; Larios, L.; Salamanca Cardona, M.; Henaway, M.; Dwaikat S.; Nuha Ben Soltane, S.; Eid, P. (2017)
For newcomers to Canada, placement agencies (or temp agencies) are a common path into a labour market that is difficult to access. It is widely documented that temp agencies are linked to precarious work conditions, dangerous occupational health conditions, racialized and gendered division of labour, and the exploitation of precarious immigration statuses. Our study shows that gender plays out strongly in (im)migrants’ experiences of temp agency work. Regardless of their previous education or experiences it is their immigration status, race and gender that seemed to dictate the types of work available to them. We discuss five elements of workers’ experiences that were strongly shaped by gender: their sectors of work; their tasks within the workplace; gender-normative bullying;
sexual harassment and assault; and their management of work-life balance.
Pour les nouveaux arrivants au Canada, les agences de placement (ou les agences de placement temporaire) sont une voie commune vers un marché du travail difficile d’accès. Il est largement documenté que les agences de placement temporaire sont liées à des conditions de travail précaires, à des conditions de santé professionnelles dangereuses, à la division du travail racialisée et sexuée et à l’exploitation de statuts d’immigration précaires. Notre étude montre que le genre joue un rôle important dans les expériences des (im)migrants dans le travail temporaire. Indépendamment de leurs études antérieures ou de leurs expériences, c’est leur statut d’immigration,
leur race et leur sexe qui ont dicté les types de travail disponibles. Nous discutons de cinq éléments de l’expérience des travailleurs qui ont été fortement façonnés par le genre: secteurs de travail, tâches sur le lieu de travail, intimidation sexiste, harcèlement sexuel et voies de fait, et gestion de l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée
Participation of childbearing international migrant women in research: The ethical balance
Merry, L.; Low, A.; Carnevale, F.; Gagnon, AJ. (2016)
Abstract
Resettling refugee women may be at greater risk than
other women for several harmful reproductive health outcomes as a result of their migration experience. The objective of this study was to determine differences in reproductive health status between refugee women in
countries of resettlement and non-refugee counterparts. A systematic review of the literature culled from five electronic databases and web searching of international agencies and academic centres focusing on refugees was
conducted. Of the forty-one high quality studies identified, fourteen looked at refugees exclusively; only nine of the fourteen focused on the reproductive health of refugees; six of the nine directly compared refugee to non-refugee women’s health. There is a paucity of populationbased data to support or refute claims of greater reproductive health risks for resettling refugee women.
Résumé
Les femmes réfugiées en situation de réétablissement
pourraient bien être plus susceptibles que d’autres femmes
de souffrir d’un certain nombre de conséquences néfastes en
matière de santé génésique suite à l’expérience de la migration.
Le but de cette étude était de cerner les différences entre le niveau de santé génésique des femmes réfugiées dans les pays de réétablissement et leurs congénères non-réfugiées. Pour ce faire, un examen systématique de la littérature provenant de cinq bases de données électroniques a
été entrepris, ainsi que des recherches sur le Web d’agences et de centres académiques internationaux. Des 41 études de haut niveau identifiées, seules 9 de ces études se concentraient sur la santé génésique des réfugiées ; 6 de ces 9 études effectuaient une comparaison directe entre la santé des réfugiées et celle des non-réfugiées. Il existe en fait un manque de données démographiques qui permettraient de soutenir ou de rejeter l’affirmation selon laquelle les risques sont accrus en matière de santé génésique chez les femmes réfugiées en cours de réétablissement.
Predictors of Emergency Caesarean Births to Low-Risk Migrant Women
Merry, L.; Semenic, S.; Gyorkos, T.; Fraser, W.; Gagnon, AJ. (2015)
Background
The high number of caesareans performed in High Income Countries (HICs) is of concern due to associated risks. Recommendations to reduce caesarean rates include preventing emergency caesareans among low-risk women (i.e., vertex, singleton, term pregnancies). Pregnant migrant women from low or middle income countries (LMICs) may face conditions that exacerbate childbearing and delivery health risks. The objective of this study was to identify medical, migration, social and health service predictors associated with emergency caesareans in low-risk migrant women from LMICs.
Methods
Using a case-control research design, migrant women from LMICs, and living in Canada ≤ 8 years were recruited from the postpartum units of three hospitals in a major urban Canadian city between March 2014 and January 2015. Data were collected from medical records and by administration of the Migrant-Friendly Maternity Care questionnaire (available in 8 languages). Low risk women who delivered by emergency caesarean for discretionary indications (cases) or vaginally (controls) were included in analyses. Multi-variable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of emergency caesarean.
Results
233 cases and 1615 controls were analyzed. Predictors of emergency caesarean were: pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 and/or excessive pregnancy weight gain (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.13), poor maternal health (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.95-1.98), admission to birthing centre < 4 cm dilated (OR = 6.48, 95% CI 3.50-12.01), maternal region of birth Sub-Saharan African/Caribbean (OR = 2.39, 95% CI 0.95-5.99), and length of time in Canada < 2 years (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.04-4.03). Among women < 2 years in Canada, gestational diabetes and/or hypertension (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 0.98-4.35), having a humanitarian migration classification (OR = 4.48, 95%CI 1.21-16.49), and admission to the birthing centre < 4 cm dilated (OR = 7.43, 95% CI 3.04-18.18) were important predictors.
Conclusion
There are important migration, medical, and health service predictors of emergency caesareans to migrant women from LMICs.
International migration as a determinant of emergency caesarean
Merry, L.; Semenic, S.; Gyorkos, TW.; Fraser, W.; Small, R.; Gagnon, AJ. (2016)
Background
High caesarean rates are of concern given associated risks. International migrant women (women born abroad) represent a substantial proportion of women giving birth in high-income countries (HICs) and face social conditions that may exacerbate childbearing health risks. Among migrant women, emergency rather than planned caesareans, tend to be more prevalent. This method of delivery can be stressful, physically harmful and result in an overall negative birth experience. Research establishing evidence of risk factors for emergency caesareans in migrants is insufficient.
Aims
(1) Describe potential pathways (with a focus on modifiable factors) by which migration, using internationally recommended migration indicators: country of birth, length of time in country, fluency in receiving-country language, migration classification and ethnicity, may lead to emergency caesarean; and (2) propose a framework to guide future research for understanding “potentially preventable” emergency caesareans in migrant women living in HICs.
Discussion
“Potentially preventable” emergency caesareans in migrant women are likely due to several modifiable, interrelated factors pre-pregnancy, during pregnancy and during labour. Migration itself is a determinant and also shapes other determinants. Complications and ineffective labour progress and/or foetal distress and ultimately the decision to perform an emergency caesarean may be the result of poor health (i.e., physiological effects), lack of support and disempowerment (i.e., psychological effects) and sub-optimal care.
Conclusion
Understanding the direct and indirect effects of migration on emergency caesarean is crucial so that targeted strategies can be developed and implemented for reducing unnecessary caesareans in this vulnerable population.
Caesarean births among migrant women in high-income countries
Merry, L.; Vangen, S.; Small, R. (2016)
High caesarean birth rates among migrant women living in high-income countries are of concern. Women from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia consistently show overall higher rates compared with non-migrant women, whereas women from Latin America and North Africa/Middle East consistently show higher rates of emergency caesarean. Higher rates are more common with emergency caesareans than with planned caesareans. Evidence regarding risk factors among migrant women for undergoing a caesarean birth is lacking. Research suggests that pathways leading to caesarean births in migrants are complex, and they are likely to involve a combination of factors related to migrant women’s physical and psychological health, their social and cultural context and the quality of their maternity care. Migration factors, including length of time in receiving country and migration classification, have an influence on delivery outcome; however, their effects appear to differ by women’s country/region of origin.
Dataset and figures on time-series analysis of child restraint policy impact in Chile
Nazif-Muñoz, JI.; Nandi, A.; Ruiz-Casares, M. (2018)
The main objective of this data article is to present the data set which depicts the impact of child restraint legislation in Chile and its regions. The population of the study consisted of all car crashes records provided by the national police from 2002 to 2014, which included children aged 0–3. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average ARIMA and Poisson model were used to present the association between the dependent and independent variables of interest. When the data are analyzed, it will help to determine the degree of relationship and the strength of significance between child restraint legislation policies enacted in 2005 and 2007, and child occupant fatalities and injuries. The data are related to “Impact of child restraint policies on child occupant fatalities and injuries in Chile and its regions: An interrupted time-series study” (Nazif-Munoz et al., 2018).
Children’s rights to participation and protection in international development and humanitarian interventions: nurturing a dialogue
Ruiz-Casares, M.; Collins, TM.; Tisdall, EM.; Grover, S. (2017)
This introduction provides the rationale for the special issue of the International Journal of Human Rights on the topic of the children’s right to participation and protection in international development and humanitarian efforts. It summarises selected contributions relating to an international conference entitled ‘Facilitating Child Participation in International Child Protection’ that took place 5–6 October 2015 at Ryerson University in Toronto (Canada). The concepts of child participation and child protection are explored. Then, the challenges and opportunities are highlighted regarding the actual and potential participatory role of children and young people in effective child protection. Finally, an overview of the articles included in this collection is provided.