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Au Canada, le nombre des migrants les plus vulnérables est en augmentation. Alors que les discussions autour des politiques d’immigration tiennent le haut du pavé, la santé et le bien-être des réfugiés, demandeurs d’asile et migrants sans statut passent au second plan, malgré les inégalités sociales et de santé criantes en leur défaveur. Dans ce contexte, la recherche en santé doit s’adjoindre les voix et expériences de ces populations, tant dans la perspective de mieux comprendre leurs réalités, pour des politiques et services appropriés à leurs besoins, que dans une perspective d’empowerment. La recherche-action participative mérite d’être valorisée à ce titre, car elle s’intéresse aux défis réels des populations et reconnaît la complexité des obstacles auxquels sont confrontées les populations migrantes. Fondée sur des processus collaboratifs, la recherche-action participative favorise la co-construction des solutions entre parties prenantes, dont les organismes communautaires, et transforme les « sujets » en acteurs. Or, ce type de recherche est sous-utilisé, faute de financements et de structures permettant la collaboration effective des partenaires. Nous appelons donc à davantage de recherches avec et pour les migrants, particulièrement sous forme de recherche-action participative, et à davantage d’initiatives de financement ciblées et de balises pour favoriser et encadrer ces recherches.

Les imams pourraient-ils, sans compromettre leur islamité, se faire les complices-promoteurs de l’équité de genre dans leur communauté et, si oui, comment et à quelles conditions? C’est ici la question de fond que les auteurs taquinent dans cet article. A l’aide d’une méthode mixte, qualitative et quantitative, nous explorons cette (im)possible <<complicité>> à Mumbai, en Inde. Il s’agit de l’un des volets d’un programme de recherche plus large portant sur la santé sexuelle et les comportements sexuels à risque dans des quartiers pauvres de Mumbai. Ce programme implique une diversité d’acteurs sociaux, dont des résidentes et résidents, des tradipraticiens, des leaders religieux et des intervenants communautaires d’un quartier oø la population est majoritairement musulmane. Considérant l’islam comme une tradition discursive, nous explorons la portée et les limites du volet impliquant les imams dans une recherche-action participative oø les résultats préliminaires de la phase recherche, soulignant l’importance de l’équité de genre, ont été soumis, durant la phase action, aux imams qui ont identifié avec les chercheurs des extraits issus des textes canoniques de l’islam qui soient conciliables avec ces résultats. Les messages issus de cette collaboration ont été transmis à la communauté par les imams à travers différents canaux, dont essentiellement les prêches du vendredi rassemblant plusieurs milliers de fidèles masculins. L’article souligne que plusieurs imams ont fait évoluer certains de leurs savoirs et attitudes initialement misogynes (violence conjugale, sexualité maritale pour la satisfaction exclusive des maris) à la suite de leur implication dans la recherche-action participative; d’autres éléments fortement ancrés dans la culture locale les rendent cependant rétifs au changement. Il n’est pas clair si cette réticence se traduit chez les femmes musulmanes de la communauté en subordination ou en résistance.

Abstract: The main objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the empirical evidence on how the Internet and social media may, or may not, constitute spaces for exchange that can be favorable to violent extremism. Of the 5,182 studies generated from the searches, 11 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We considered empirical studies with qualitative, quantitative, and mixed designs, but did not conduct meta-analysis due to the heterogeneous and at times incomparable nature of the data. The reviewed studies provide tentative evidence that exposure to radical violent online material is associated with extremist online and offline attitudes, as well as the risk of committing political violence among white supremacist, neo-Nazi, and radical Islamist groups. Active seekers of violent radical material also seem to be at higher risk of engaging in political violence as compared to passive seekers. The Internet’s role thus seems to be one of decision-shaping, which, in association with offline factors, can be associated to decision-making. The methodological limitations of the reviewed studies are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research

Throughout history, refugees have alternatively been seen as entitled victims of adversity or as threats or abusers of host countries scarce resources. Within the present globalized context, ambivalent public perceptions of refugees are shattering the protective nature of the post migratory environment in refugee receiving countries. This raises new challenges for refugees’ mental health and calls for systemic responses to address both pre-migratory trauma and losses and post migratory adversities. Recent evidence on the effectiveness of mental health treatment for refugees confirms the utility of trauma-focused psychotherapy and the limits of psychopharmacology for stress related disorders in this group. Training of mental health professionals may improve the quality of care for refugees by deconstructing prevalent prejudices about them and promoting empathic understanding. Mental health professionals may also advocate by providing information about social determinants refugee mental health to policy makers and promoting psychosocial interventions and protective social policies.

High caesarean birth rates among migrant women living in high-income countries are of concern. Women from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia consistently show overall higher rates compared with non-migrant women, whereas women from Latin America and North Africa/Middle East consistently show higher rates of emergency caesarean. Higher rates are more common with emergency caesareans than with planned caesareans. Evidence regarding risk factors among migrant women for undergoing a caesarean birth is lacking. Research suggests that pathways leading to caesarean births in migrants are complex, and they are likely to involve a combination of factors related to migrant women’s physical and psychological health, their social and cultural context and the quality of their maternity care. Migration factors, including length of time in receiving country and migration classification, have an influence on delivery outcome; however, their effects appear to differ by women’s country/region of origin.

Background

The high number of caesareans performed in High Income Countries (HICs) is of concern due to associated risks. Recommendations to reduce caesarean rates include preventing emergency caesareans among low-risk women (i.e., vertex, singleton, term pregnancies). Pregnant migrant women from low or middle income countries (LMICs) may face conditions that exacerbate childbearing and delivery health risks. The objective of this study was to identify medical, migration, social and health service predictors associated with emergency caesareans in low-risk migrant women from LMICs.

Methods

Using a case-control research design, migrant women from LMICs, and living in Canada ≤ 8 years were recruited from the postpartum units of three hospitals in a major urban Canadian city between March 2014 and January 2015. Data were collected from medical records and by administration of the Migrant-Friendly Maternity Care questionnaire (available in 8 languages). Low risk women who delivered by emergency caesarean for discretionary indications (cases) or vaginally (controls) were included in analyses. Multi-variable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of emergency caesarean.

Results

233 cases and 1615 controls were analyzed. Predictors of emergency caesarean were: pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 and/or excessive pregnancy weight gain (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.02-2.13), poor maternal health (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.95-1.98), admission to birthing centre < 4 cm dilated (OR = 6.48, 95% CI 3.50-12.01), maternal region of birth Sub-Saharan African/Caribbean (OR = 2.39, 95% CI 0.95-5.99), and length of time in Canada < 2 years (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.04-4.03). Among women < 2 years in Canada, gestational diabetes and/or hypertension (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 0.98-4.35), having a humanitarian migration classification (OR = 4.48, 95%CI 1.21-16.49), and admission to the birthing centre < 4 cm dilated (OR = 7.43, 95% CI 3.04-18.18) were important predictors.

Conclusion

There are important migration, medical, and health service predictors of emergency caesareans to migrant women from LMICs.

Abstract
Resettling refugee women may be at greater risk than
other women for several harmful reproductive health outcomes as a result of their migration experience. The objective of this study was to determine differences in reproductive health status between refugee women in
countries of resettlement and non-refugee counterparts. A systematic review of the literature culled from five electronic databases and web searching of international agencies and academic centres focusing on refugees was
conducted. Of the forty-one high quality studies identified, fourteen looked at refugees exclusively; only nine of the fourteen focused on the reproductive health of refugees; six of the nine directly compared refugee to non-refugee women’s health. There is a paucity of populationbased data to support or refute claims of greater reproductive health risks for resettling refugee women.

Résumé
Les femmes réfugiées en situation de réétablissement
pourraient bien être plus susceptibles que d’autres femmes
de souffrir d’un certain nombre de conséquences néfastes en
matière de santé génésique suite à l’expérience de la migration.
Le but de cette étude était de cerner les différences entre le niveau de santé génésique des femmes réfugiées dans les pays de réétablissement et leurs congénères non-réfugiées. Pour ce faire, un examen systématique de la littérature provenant de cinq bases de données électroniques a
été entrepris, ainsi que des recherches sur le Web d’agences et de centres académiques internationaux. Des 41 études de haut niveau identifiées, seules 9 de ces études se concentraient sur la santé génésique des réfugiées ; 6 de ces 9 études effectuaient une comparaison directe entre la santé des réfugiées et celle des non-réfugiées. Il existe en fait un manque de données démographiques qui permettraient de soutenir ou de rejeter l’affirmation selon laquelle les risques sont accrus en matière de santé génésique chez les femmes réfugiées en cours de réétablissement.

For newcomers to Canada, placement agencies (or temp agencies) are a common path into a labour market that is difficult to access. It is widely documented that temp agencies are linked to precarious work conditions, dangerous occupational health conditions, racialized and gendered division of labour, and the exploitation of precarious immigration statuses. Our study shows that gender plays out strongly in (im)migrants’ experiences of temp agency work. Regardless of their previous education or experiences it is their immigration status, race and gender that seemed to dictate the types of work available to them. We discuss five elements of workers’ experiences that were strongly shaped by gender: their sectors of work; their tasks within the workplace; gender-normative bullying;
sexual harassment and assault; and their management of work-life balance.

Pour les nouveaux arrivants au Canada, les agences de placement (ou les agences de placement temporaire) sont une voie commune vers un marché du travail difficile d’accès. Il est largement documenté que les agences de placement temporaire sont liées à des conditions de travail précaires, à des conditions de santé professionnelles dangereuses, à la division du travail racialisée et sexuée et à l’exploitation de statuts d’immigration précaires. Notre étude montre que le genre joue un rôle important dans les expériences des (im)migrants dans le travail temporaire. Indépendamment de leurs études antérieures ou de leurs expériences, c’est leur statut d’immigration,
leur race et leur sexe qui ont dicté les types de travail disponibles. Nous discutons de cinq éléments de l’expérience des travailleurs qui ont été fortement façonnés par le genre: secteurs de travail, tâches sur le lieu de travail, intimidation sexiste, harcèlement sexuel et voies de fait, et gestion de l’équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée

Abstract:

Domestic and caregiving work have been part of the Canadian fabric since our colonial founding and have long represented one of the most easily accessible routes for migration open to women. Until very recently the Live-In Caregiver Program (LCP) operated as the primary program in Canada facilitating this labour migration. While the LCP has been replaced by the Caregiver Program (CP), it has yet to be determined how these changes will impact migrant caregivers. We suggest that many lessons can be drawn from our knowledge of migrant caregivers’ experiences under the LCP that can help us understand the dynamics of new immigration policies. Using the global care chain framework, we consider here whether Canada’s caregiver migration policy demonstrates a concern for the wellbeing of migrant caregivers as workers, as family members and as citizens. Our analysis suggests that the CP does not adequately address the concerns raised through the global care chain critique. Rather, the CP continues and deepens the trend of using immigration policy to hold people in substandard employment, with very little care for migrant caregivers whether in terms of their labour rights, their family relationships or their sense of belonging and citizenship.

Résumé:

Le travail domestique et le travail d’aide-soignant font partie de la réalité canadienne depuis nos débuts coloniaux et représentent depuis longtemps l’une des voies migratoires les plus accessibles aux femmes. Le Programme des aides familiales résidentes (PAFR) est le principal programme facilitant l’entrée de ce type de main-d’œuvre au Canada. Récemment, ce programme a été remplacé par le Programme des aides familiales (PAF), mais la façon dont ce remplacement va affecter les aides familiales reste indéterminée. Aussi nous recourons à notre connaissance des expériences des aides familiales sous l’ancien programme afin de tirer des leçons susceptibles de faciliter la compréhension des dynamiques se rapportant à la nouvelle politique d’immigration. En faisant appel au cadre de la chaîne globale des soins, nous examinons ici si la politique canadienne relative aux aides-soignants démontre une préoccupation pour le bien-être de ces migrants, en tant que travailleurs, membres d’une famille et citoyens. Notre analyse suggère que le PAF ne répond pas adéquatement aux critiques émises en lien à la chaîne globale des soins. En fait, le PAF pour-suit et approfondit la tendance consistant à voir dans la politique d’immigration un outil confinant les aides-soignants dans des emplois précaires, sans égard pour leurs droits du travail, leurs relations familiales et leurs sentiments d’appartenance et de citoyenneté.

Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude exploratoire sur l’accès aux services de santé des migrants à statut précaire. Une enquête a été menée auprès de 211 hommes et femmes migrants, et parmi ceux-ci, 31 ont été retenus pour un entretien en profondeur. Pour cet article, nous présentons les résultats concernant 78 travailleurs comprenant ceux recrutés en tant que travailleurs (travailleurs étrangers temporaires) ou qui n’ont pas d’accès au filet de sécurité sociale et doivent habituellement travailler (les sans-papiers). Une revue de la littérature est présentée, reliant le statut migratoire à l’accès aux soins de santé et aux problèmes de santé au travail. Nous présentons la méthodologie et ensuite les résultats qui décrivent les réseaux sociaux auxquels les travailleurs migrants ont recours pour répondre à leurs préoccupations en matière de santé, comprenant notamment les professionnels du Québec, et des ressources transnationales en santé. Ces résultats pourront être utiles aux professionnels de la SST pour comprendre certains obstacles auxquels font face les travailleurs migrants ayant subi un accident du travail ou une maladie professionnelle. Les difficultés d’accès aux soins de santé peuvent-elles compromettre le recours des travailleurs migrants victimes de lésions professionnelles ?

ecent years have seen an explosion of the recruitment of Central American Temporary Foreign Workers (TFWs) by agricultural operations and other businesses in Québec small towns. The mobility of one group (the TFWs) underpins the ability of another group (Québec small-town residents) to avoid migration by contributing to the continued viability of economic activity in Québec small towns. In this article, we examine the “fragile entanglement of physical movement, representations, and practices” (Cresswell, 2010, p.18) as evidenced in Central American TFWs’ experiences interacting with local community members as well as the response of local businesses, local social and community services, and local churches to the presence of TFWs in their communities. Drawing on data from focus groups with TFWs (n=31) and interviews with employers (n=17), advocates (n=13) and government actors (n=10), we come to the conclusion that Québec small towns have been transformed by the cyclical mobility of TFWs but that the possibilities for diminishing the unequal power relationships and allowing for long-term integration and community development are limited so long as both the TFW Program continues to constrain the social, employment and geographic mobility of TFWs and Québec refuses to consider all occupational levels for permanent residency under the Québec Experience Program.

Beginning in 2015, Canada undertook an exceptional undertaking of sponsoring of more than 40,000 Syrian refugees to resettle in Canada. As the excitement of their initial arrivals dissipates, it is important to consider their longer-term settlement and integration in their new communities. This article offers a portrait and analysis of how Syrian refugees sponsored to Montreal are able to create social networks and access social support in order to build social capital for employment and housing purposes. Part of a larger, three-province, 4-year longitudinal study, here we report on the first wave of survey data collected from 626 Privately-Sponsored Refugees living in Quebec. We report on their family support and friendships, as well as the ways that these social connections helped them in terms of employment and housing. Differences in terms of age, gender and time in Canada are analyzed. We find strong evidence of bonding social capital among recently resettled Syrians in Montreal, and growing bridging capital.

Résumé:

Depuis 2015, le Canada est engagé dans un processus exceptionnel de parrainage de plus de 40,000 réfugiés syriens réinstallés au Canada. Alors que l’enthousiasme initial suscité par leur arrivée se dissipe, il est important d’examiner leur installation et leur intégration à long terme au sein de leurs nouvelles communautés. Cet article offre un portrait et une analyse de la manière dont les réfugiés syriens établis à Montréal réussissent à créer des réseaux sociaux et à accéder à l’appui social afin de pouvoir développer du capital social pour les fins de l’emploi et du logement. Faisant partie d’un projet longitudinal de 4 ans dans 3 provinces, ici nous partageons une partie des résultats de la première vague de données provenant de 626 réfugiés parrainés par la collectivité et vivant au Québec. Nous décrivons leur réseau de soutien familial et social et comment ces connections sociales les ont aidé à accéder à l’emploi et au logement. Les différences en termes d’âge, de genre et de résidences au Canada sont analysés. Nous observons une forte présence du capital social de liaison (bonding) parmi les réfugiés syriens installés dans la région de Montréal, et l’émergence du capital social de transition (bridging).

The 14-year civil conflict in Liberia resulted in the separation of many children from their families. A population-based, multi-stage random cluster knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey of 1157 child caregivers was conducted in 12 districts in Liberia. Knowledge of alternative care and adoption is low and varies significantly by residence. Common misunderstandings include thinking that biological parents may migrate in cases of inter-country adoption (42% of rural and Greater Monrovia (GM); p = 0.2138), and that there is a legal obligation to place children in institutions whenever they cannot be cared for by their parents (42% urban, 35% rural; p = 0.0009). Willingness is high to foster children across all settings; and to send children to live with relatives, non-relatives, or in orphanages, particularly in rural areas (p < 0.0001). Willingness to foster children with special needs is higher in GM (p < 0.0001). Access to schooling is the main reason children are separated from their parents. Relocating with spouse is common in GM (p = 0.0540) and to assist relatives or friends in rural and urban areas (p = 0.5047). Financial need drives child separation, mostly in GM (p = 0.0723). Regulatory measures and public education campaigns must be developed and evaluated overtime with due consideration of residence.

Despite scarce empirical research in most countries, evidence has shown that young children are unsupervised or under the supervision of another young child while their adult caregivers attend work or engage in other activities outside the home. Lack of quality supervision has been linked to unintentional childhood injuries and other negative outcomes. Nationally representative, population-based data from rounds four and five of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and four to eight of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 61 low- and middle-income countries were used to estimate prevalence and socio-economic factors associated with leaving children under five years old home alone or under the care of another child younger than 10 years of age. Socio-economic factors included age and sex of the child, rurality, wealth, maternal education, and household composition. Large variations in the prevalence rates (0.1–35.3% for children home alone and 0.2–50.6% for children supervised by another child) and associated factors have been recorded within and across regions and countries. Understanding why and under what conditions children are home alone or under the supervision of another child is crucial to the development of suitable policies and interventions to protect young children, promote healthy growth, and support caregivers. View Full-Text

This introduction provides the rationale for the special issue of the International Journal of Human Rights on the topic of the children’s right to participation and protection in international development and humanitarian efforts. It summarises selected contributions relating to an international conference entitled ‘Facilitating Child Participation in International Child Protection’ that took place 5–6 October 2015 at Ryerson University in Toronto (Canada). The concepts of child participation and child protection are explored. Then, the challenges and opportunities are highlighted regarding the actual and potential participatory role of children and young people in effective child protection. Finally, an overview of the articles included in this collection is provided.

The main objective of this data article is to present the data set which depicts the impact of child restraint legislation in Chile and its regions. The population of the study consisted of all car crashes records provided by the national police from 2002 to 2014, which included children aged 0–3. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average ARIMA and Poisson model were used to present the association between the dependent and independent variables of interest. When the data are analyzed, it will help to determine the degree of relationship and the strength of significance between child restraint legislation policies enacted in 2005 and 2007, and child occupant fatalities and injuries. The data are related to “Impact of child restraint policies on child occupant fatalities and injuries in Chile and its regions: An interrupted time-series study” (Nazif-Munoz et al., 2018).

Objective: This mixed method study examines the perinatal health care for undocumented women in Montreal (Quebec) and documents their experiences of that care.

Method(s): Files of precarious status women were reviewed (n = 591) at a major hospital and two community health centres in Montreal to document maternity services received. Through in-depth semi-structured interviews, 18 undocu-
mented women described their experiences of help seeking during pregnancy.

Results: File review confirmed that being uninsured is associated with substandard prenatal care. The qualitative analysis highlighted the numerous difficulties and sometimes abusive situations that undocumented pregnant women encounter while trying to access perinatal care.

Conclusion: These results suggest that it is urgent to revise provincial health policies in order to facilitate the access of undocumented women to care during the perinatal period.

The literature emphasizes that the school environment is a key factor for the mental health and academic achievementof immigrant and refugee children. However, few studies examined the role of school environment and peerrelationships for these youth attending a special education class. The aim of this paper is to study the associationbetween emotional difficulties and academic performance and their correlates in first and second generationimmigrants assigned to a special class in a multiethnic environment. The results emphasize the need to adopt aneco-systemic model to understand the complex and probably bidirectional relations between the mental healthsymptoms and academic performance in immigrant adolescents identified as having difficulties by the school system.The salience of peer relations and classroom environment suggests that schools need to promote positive school-basedrelationships to improve immigrant adolescent mental health.

The DSM-5 Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI) may become an important tool to help operationalize culture in the clinical realm. However, challenges exist in teaching its use to avoid the risk of stereotyping and oversimplification, which could result in misunderstanding and stigma. The aim of this article is to document whether the CFI can be taught using regular Interdisciplinary Case Discussion Seminars (ICDSs), proposed as continuing education in child mental health and as part of clinical rotations for new trainees. During a two-year evaluative research project, ICDSs were held monthly in three different primary care settings servicing recent immigrants in Montreal, Canada. ICDSs were recorded and analyzed to examine their effect on the cultural formulation process and focus groups were conducted to explore the subjective experience of the participant trainees and professionals. Results suggest that ICDSs are a helpful way to teach the use of the CFI. The group discussions helped participants to better capture the complexity of the cultural and social experience of the child and family by moving away from simple identity assignations, supporting an inquiry into structural dimensions, and considering stigma and inequality in their formulation. The multiple levels of diversity (individual, disciplinary, and interinstitutional) represented in the discussion groups helped clinicians to understand the cultural formulation as situated in a specific relational context and a particular moment and, in so doing, helped trainees to avoid cultural formulations that essentialize culture.

OBJECTIVES:

The first objective of this qualitative component of a mixed-methods study is to provide a descriptive account of adult asylum seekers’ experience of detention in Canadian immigration detention centers. The second objective is to identify the main underlying factors accounting for their reported feelings of distress.

METHODS:

Researchers interviewed 81 adult asylum seekers held in two Canadian immigration detention centers concerning their experience of detention. Participants were drawn from a sample of 122 detained asylum seekers who had completed structured questionnaires about mental health and detention conditions.

RESULTS:

Asylum seekers expressed shock and humiliation at being « treated like criminals. » Detainees felt disempowered by the experience of waiting for an indeterminate period for the outcome of a discretionary decision over which they have little control, but which will determine their freedom and their future. For trauma survivors, detention sometimes triggered retraumatization.

CONCLUSIONS:

Detention, even for brief periods in relatively adequate conditions, was found to be detrimental to asylum seekers’ mental health. This adverse impact appears to be largely attributable to the combined effect of two factors: symbolic violence and disempowerment.

Because they propose a form of modeling, videos have been recognised to be useful to transfer knowledge about practices requiring teachers to adopt a different role. This paper describes the results of a satisfaction survey with 98 teachers, school administrators and professionals regarding their appreciation of training videos showing teacher-led psychosocial interventions. The association between teachers’ appreciation of the video and their desire to implement the intervention are explored in terms of authenticity, vicarious learning and self-efficacy, in an attempt to further comprehend how the use of video supports different aspects of modeling (skills – know-how, attitudes – know-how to be). The authors suggest that training videos featuring teachers leading psychosocial interventions support knowledge transfer because learners can relate to successful peers and can think of themselves as competent to replicate the intervention and comfortable to adopt a different role in the classroom. Parce qu’elles proposent une forme de modelage, les vidéos ont été reconnues comme utiles pour le transfert de connaissances au sujet des pratiques exigeant que les enseignants jouent un rôle différent. Cet article décrit les résultats d’une enquête sur la satisfaction réalisée auprès de 98 enseignants, administrateurs et professionnels scolaires quant à leur appréciation des vidéos de formation montrant des interventions psychosociales menées par des enseignants. Le lien entre l’appréciation de la vidéo par les enseignants et leur désir de mettre en pratique l’intervention est exploré en matière d’authenticité, d’apprentissage par procuration et d’auto-efficacité, pour tenter de mieux comprendre comment l’usage de la vidéo appuie différents aspects du modelage (aptitudes, savoir-faire, attitudes, savoir-être). Les auteurs suggèrent que les vidéos de formation montrant des enseignants menant des interventions psychosociales appuient le transfert de connaissances, car les apprenants peuvent s’identifier à des pairs qui réussissent et peuvent s’imaginer comme ayant la compétence pour reproduire l’intervention et être à l’aise d’adopter un rôle différent dans la salle de classe.

Pour l’élève immigrant, le contact interculturel occasionné par l’immigration génère une prise de conscience des différences et des ressemblances entre lui et les autres, ce qui influence son sentiment d’ipséité et sa perception de l’altérité. C’est notamment en jouant et en déplaçant les limites de son identité que l’enfant (re)définit qui il est. Cependant, cette mobilité des frontières identitaires peut ne pas être facilement perceptible. Une manière de rendre ce mouvement plus concret est d’avoir recours au dessin. Par le dessin, l’élève peut dévoiler d’importantes informations sur lui-même dont il n’est pas nécessairement conscient. Le dessin peut également lui permettre d’utiliser des symboles qui facilitent l’expression d’expériences qui n’ont pas été extériorisées et de les partager avec autrui. Enfin, le dessin peut ouvrir l’accès aux identifications vécues par l’enfant en donnant une forme symbolique ou figurative aux personnes auxquelles il s’identifie ou non.

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner les dessins créés par deux jeunes immigrants sous l’angle du mouvement des frontières définissant l’identité et l’altérité. L’étude s’appuie sur des données obtenues dans le cadre d’une recherche-intervention de 14 semaines dans des classes d’accueil pour enfants immigrants d’une école primaire multiethnique de Montréal (Canada). À partir d’entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d’élèves immigrants, de leurs parents et de leurs enseignants, ainsi qu’à partir d’autoportraits thématiques et de dessins libres commentés qu’ils ont réalisés lors de l’intervention, les auteures décrivent comment deux jeunes élèves nouvellement arrivés au Québec (re)définissent leur identité en jouant dans leurs dessins avec les limites identitaires. Les résultats suggèrent que les élèves immigrants ont recours à des stratégies d’assimilation et de différenciation qui sont illustrées dans les dessins qu’ils réalisent, de façon séparée ou simultanée. Le dessin semble soutenir la (re)définition de l’identité de ces enfants.

Identity construction can be very complex for refugee children, especially for Palestinian refugee children. For refugee children, organised violence and immigration are important parts of their life experience that can lead to trauma, which in turn influences how they construct their collective identity. Schools have to consider this specific experience as the development of a meaningful identity is an important factor in refugee students’ well-being and school adjustment. School-based activities centred on creative expression can help refugee students in expressing trauma and in making sense of their identity and migration experience. This paper presents the case study of a 9-year-old Palestinian refugee boy in Canada and explores how he expressed and made sense of his multiple identities in his drawings. Many features of the boy’s drawings evoked a wounded identity, especially spatial disorganisation and enmeshment. Data analysis revealed that the boy might have been experiencing collective identity trauma and that he used drawing and a peer as props to heal his wounded identity. Both drawing and the space offered by his teacher to safely explore and experiment with different identities contributed to the integration of his multiple identities into a meaningful whole, which contributed to his school adjustment.