Chapitre de livre

En nous appuyant sur une méthode mixte qui combine des sources primaires à des données empiriques collectées de façon extensive auprès d’intervenants en soins spirituels depuis 2012 au Québec, nous présentons les conditions d’émergence de cette profession dans les milieux de santé. Il apparait que cette nouvelle figure du soin offre un laboratoire fécond pour mieux saisir la mécanique de cette réalité fluctuante que constitue la spiritualité contemporaine. Nous soutenons que la vision normalisatrice du soin véhiculée actuellement dans les milieux de soins et par ricochet, dans les soins spirituels, situe le concept de spiritualité au croisement d’une conception du caring entendu sous la forme d’un humanisme qui se déploie et se réalise dans la rencontre et l’accompagnement de l’Autre d’une part, et de la réactualisation d’une représentation naturelle et universelle de la religion célébrée autour de la notion de la spiritualité d’autre part.

Femawle Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs that are medically unnecessary (i.e. performed primarily for cultural or religious reasons), especially when done without the consent of the affected person. Such procedures are usually carried out in infancy or childhood and, most often before the age of 15. Although some pictorial and training tools are available, existing literature focuses primarily on adults. The signs of FGM/C particularly in prepubertal girls, can be subtle and depend on the type as well as on the experience of the examiner. The health care provider (HCP) should be trained to be familiar with, and able to identify a wide range of both modified and unmodified genitalia, as well as findings that may superficially look like FGM/C but actually reflect the normal range of genital anatomy. Knowledge of FGM/C types and subtypes, as well as complications and differential diagnoses of physical findings, are critical. We present a reference guide and atlas containing iconographic material of both the pre- and post-pubertal external female genital area with and without genital cutting/alteration. Our purpose is to facilitate training of health care professionals in making accurate diagnoses, providing appropriate clinical management, ensuring culturally informed/sensitive patient–provider communication, and accurate recording and reporting to child welfare/law enforcement agencies, where required.

More than 40 years after the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care, it is time to take stock. A look back at the evolution of pharmaceutical policies reveals the extent to which international health has transformed in the last four decades. The imperative of equitable access to healthcare, reaffirmed in Astana in 2018, has still not been achieved in many countries across the globe, whereas recent Ebola and COVID epidemics have opened up new political spaces for pharmaceutical development. In response to a gap in the literature with regard to the politics behind global pharmaceutical policymaking, we offer a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on pharmaceutical policies, in English and French, from 1978 to 2018 inclusively. Our search strategy and inclusion criteria enabled us to select and review 134 papers and books on pharmaceutical policies. Building upon the seminal works of K.S. Rajan, we review the literature under the following assumption: pharmaceutical policies reflect or enact different conceptions of knowledge, political spaces, and value. We then critically discuss our findings in light of the contemporary debates, particularly in the wake of recurring epidemics. We thereby challenge the mainstream perspective according to which pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical policies must be viewed as value-free, apolitical instruments.

Violent radicalization is the result of a multidimensional process determined by a complex interplay among cultural, social and individual variables. However, empirical evidence on the risk and protective factors involved in the process of violent radicalization is still scarce. Even less is known on early determinants in terms of primary prevention. In the present chapter, we argue the importance of a Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach to the study of violent radicalization, aimed at fostering youth strengths across multiple levels of functioning. In support of our argument, we present findings from a broad quantitative project on the determinants of sympathy for violent radicalization among youth in Québec (Canada). The findings suggest that supporting connection (e.g., social support, plural group identities and religiosity) and confidence (e.g., positive future orientation) represents an effective way of providing youth with valid alternatives to violent radicalization.

In order to highlight the influence of the national context on the process of identity transmission, this chapter aims to compare the parental identity transmission project of mixed couples in Quebec and Morocco while taking into account the transnational experience of these families. The significant differences between Quebec and Morocco offer an interesting comparison with respect to transmission issues. We discuss the choices and strategies of the parents, focusing on the transmission of specific identity markers: the choice of first name and family name, educational system, language and nationality. Our results show that the national context significantly influences the choices that parents make but also that the transnational experience of these families strongly impacts the process of identity transmission. Choices are made to facilitate the children’s transnational mobility, and relationships and cross-border ties are also used by the parents as a resource to strengthen a sense of belonging that connects their children to both societies.

Ce chapitre s’attarde à la manière dont certains enfants, adolescents et parents du Québec ont vécu le confinement et les différentes mesures sociosanitaires misent en place au cours des premiers mois de la pandémie de la COVID-19. Ces expériences serviront à illustrer comment se manifeste ce que plusieurs appellent la vulnérabilité ordinaire.

The contemporary global context of migration suggests a continued increase in migration due to people forced out of their countries of origin as a result of interconnected factors such as war, dictatorship, persecution, development, resource extraction, environmental disaster and human trafficking. These social, economic and political conditions shape the ways in which heteronormative1
and cisnormative violence compel lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) people from the Global South to migrate to the Global North.
Indeed, over 70 of the 93 nation-states continue to criminalize sexual and
gender transgressions, with most of these situated in the Global South, such as Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and Nigeria. However, critical scholarship highlights, in site- and context-specific ways, the historical role of colonialism, imperialism and European empire-building in the criminalization, control and erasure of diverse Indigenous sexual and gender expressions and practices in these regions.
A growing body of scholarship engages in historical, policy and textual analysis while drawing from critical race, feminist (e.g. transnational and post-colonial feminist, women of color feminist, transfeminist, etc.), queer (e.g. queer of color, queer diasporic) and trans theories
This chapter presents key findings from a scoping review that synthesized the knowledge produced between 2007 to 2017 about LGBTQI migrants, with a
focus of those who migrated from the Global South to the Global North. The term “migrant” is used to include those who arrive in a host country with permanent status (e.g. refugees, LGBTQI Migrants and Social Work. Economic class, family class, etc.) or with precarious status (visitors, temporary workers, international students, refugee claimants, undocumented people, etc.). A total of 241 publications were included in the initial scoping review, with 56 from Canada, 74 from the US, 50 from elsewhere in the Global North and 61 from the Global South. A synthesis that focuses primarily on the Canadian-specific literature (Lee et al., in press), has been discussed elsewhere. Thus, this chapter focuses primarily on scholarship from the Global North, particularly from the US
and Europe. However, we draw from the entirety of the literature reviewed in order to more fully explore the implications for social work policy and practice with LGBTQI migrants. This highlights possible strategies for engaging in policy advocacy and community mobilizing as well as developing trauma-informed and anti-oppressive service delivery and specialized services for LGBTQI migrants.
There is an emergent and growing social work-specific literature about LGBTQI migrant realities informing how social work educators and practitioners in the Global North may better work with this population. Yet, there remains a lack of scholarship that examines the role of the social work profession in LGBTQI support and advocacy. This chapter therefore concludes with some critical reflections on the generative possibilities of the social work profession placing

Le présent ouvrage, en évitant le traditionnel clivage entre méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, présente 30 devis ou analyses de recherche, dont l’étude de cas, la théorisation ancrée, la revue de littérature systématique, l’essai randomisé, le groupe de discussion focalisée, les analyses multiniveaux, la modélisation par équations structurelles et les approches participatives. Cette nouvelle édition est également enrichie de chapitres portant sur l’examen de la portée, la méta-review des écrits, l’analyse de puissance, l’analyse d’agrégats géographiques, les algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique ou statistique, la modélisation de type Rasch et les enquêtes en ligne.

Internationally, human trafficking is usually defined officially as involving a range of exploitative scenarios: forced labor, sexual exploitation, illegal adoption, and organ sales are all commonly included. Each of these phenomena, while having some commonalities, also has many different characteristics. When the state or civil society tries to respond to “human trafficking,” it can be difficult to find an approach that works for all these scenarios. This chapter will discuss the strengths and weaknesses and the advantages and disadvantages of endeavoring to serve the differing populations of people affected by sexual exploitation versus labor trafficking. To substantiate our analysis, we will highlight the experiences of frontline workers by drawing on the findings of 79 interviews conducted in Canada with stakeholders and practitioners in the field. In the context of increased efforts worldwide to counteract trafficking in all its forms, with a notable growing attention to forced labor, this chapter will examine the challenges that arise from tackling diverse forms of trafficking, looking specifically at forced labor and sexual exploitation.

While there is increasing attention to the perspectives of people caught up in human trafficking – attention that has helped illuminate the cloudy nature of consent and agency in situations of human trafficking – the perspectives of children are relatively absent from the debate. Western notions of childhood downplay children’s agency and decision-making. In this chapter, the results of a study that explored the perspectives of over 50 West African children “rescued” by Nigeria’s NAPTIP, a governmental agency mandated to fight human trafficking and protect its victims, are shared. One theme that emerged strongly from the children’s narratives was the centrality of their quest for education, training, and other life opportunities as a factor that led them into situations of human trafficking, a situation likely to exist in other contexts as well. The children’s desire for education was often part of what led them away from home, kept them in their situations of trafficking, and made many of them unwilling to return home after being “rescued” by NAPTIP. These findings suggest a critical need to provide for children’s educational needs if we hope to combat child trafficking, as well as the need to provide meaningful alternatives to children we purport to “rescue.”

As the global movement of people reaches unprecedented levels, Western governments are increasingly obsessed with border enforcement and migration management. This has resulted in the creation of complex and ever-changing immigration systems, contributing to the proliferation of new and complicated categories of migration status. Increasing numbers of migrants are finding themselves with precarious forms of immigration status and/or no status at all. People in this situation constantly live with the threat of criminalization and deportation – a situation well-documented to have serious economic, social, and health consequences for individuals and communities.

What then of community organizing and community development with people who live under the specter of such threats? Scholarship on community organizing has generally tended to overlook the needs and activism of this population and/or to imply that organizing with precarious and non-status migrants is either practically too difficult or ethically too risky. This chapter challenges the notion that precarious and non-status migrants do not or should not organize and provide insight into the particularities of social work with this community. We begin by looking at how literature describes the risks and challenges associated with organizing this population. We then review the findings of an empirical study conducted in Montreal, shedding light on the forms of individual support, community organizing, and policy advocacy that take place among precarious and non-status migrants. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of organizing with this community and on methods for maximizing their power while minimizing the risk of detention and deportation.

Research has shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) children are likely to experience chronic victimization and that these experiences
correlate with numerous mental health problems. However, there is little understanding of the abuse experiences of LGBT children living in countries where rights for sexual and gender minorities are limited or nonexistent. In this chapter, we explore the child abuse experiences that contribute to LGBT individuals’ decision
to flee their countries of origin in search of protection. In addition, we examine the impact of these abuse experiences on their pre-migration mental health. We conducted 26 interviews with individuals who obtained refugee or asylee status in the United States or Canada on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
Participants originated from countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. We identified the following themes: abuse by parents and caregivers, abuse by peers and school personnel, having nowhere to turn, and dealing with psychological distress. Findings demonstrate that
participants experienced severe verbal, physical, and sexual abuse throughout childhood and adolescence and that this abuse occurred at home, in school, and in the community. Furthermore, there were no resources or sources of protection available to them. Participants linked their abuse to subjective experiences of depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress, as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We provide implications for clinical practice as well as international policies that protect the well-being of children

The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) in Canada has set the stage for inclusive policy. Health literacy, language spoken, and gender are among the selected differential resettlement determinants of refugees’ access to health resources and opportunities. Gender-based analysis (GBA) is a priority for IRPA for promoting inclusive settlement policies. However, these legislative structures do not reflect language and health literacy as important intersections for immigrant integration. The objective of this chapter is to demonstrate that intersectionality as a policy tool can help structural and political processes to promote social justice and integration commitments to settlement and health care policy.

Les services en santé mentale jeunesse comprennent des interventions multimodales interdisciplinaires complexes et leur évaluation tire profit des méthodes mixtes, particulièrement auprès de populations caractérisées par leur diversité culturelle.

Ce chapitre présente les résultats d’une étude pilote visant à développer une méthode d’évaluation des soins en collaboration en santé mentale jeunesse à Montréal. La méthode combinait la réalisation d’entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de cinq triades jeune-parent-intervenant et de questionnaires mesurant la satisfaction envers les services et l’amélioration du portrait clinique.

Nous aborderons principalement les forces et les limites de la méthode mixte employée. Les points de convergence et de divergence des données quantitatives et qualitatives sont présentés et l’accent est mis sur l’importance de l’intégration des résultats.

Les résultats mixtes ont permis d’améliorer la rigueur scientifique de la recherche en complétant et en contextualisant les résultats des composantes qualitative et quantitative de l’étude, et en permettant une meilleure adéquation culturelle de la méthode utilisée.

Sur le plan éthique, nous considérons que l’approche qualitative a amélioré la prise en considération de la voix des participants, une question particulièrement importante pour des recherches sur des enjeux de santé pouvant faire l’objet de stigmatisation et menées auprès de populations culturellement minoritaires, marginalisées ou peu représentées dans la littérature scientifique. Les contributions de l’étude pilote au développement d’un devis de recherche mixte longitudinal sont également présentées.

Stemming from a study with families of migrant & non-migrant backgrounds in Montréal on children’s stomach pains, this paper questions how ways of dealing with medical uncertainty has bearing on pathways to care. These pathways are enacted within and beyond the family space as well as in medical settings. While acknowledging that group practices call for nuance, non-migrant children lead a greater quest for legitimacy of their pain while most migrant families place stomach aches in the range of normality.

Aujourd’hui comme hier, dans la vie publique comme dans la vie privée, le mensonge et son contraire, la vérité, occupent une place ambivalente.

En politique, le rêve d’une société transparente a abouti au cauchemar totalitaire. Le mensonge est à première vue incompatible avec l’idéal démocratique, qu’il pervertit. Pourtant, il semble devenu inhérent à l’activité politique, même s’il est rendu plus difficile qu’avant avec les technologies nouvelles de communication qui, elles-mêmes, favorisent le succès des théories du complot.

Le mensonge et le secret sont associés parfois à des valeurs supérieures : ne faut-il pas accepter l’existence de secrets d’État, ou de secrets de familles, pour rendre possible le vivre ensemble ? Mensonges et secrets permettent aussi de résister à un pouvoir ou une domination, ménagent l’espace privé, toujours menacé d’intrusion.

Cet ouvrage offre une réflexion sur les conditions qui permettraient de renforcer la démocratie, le vivre ensemble en réduisant la part du mensonge (et celle du secret) à ce qui serait un strict minimum. Mais lequel ?