Book Chapter

Violent extremism has galvanized public fear and attention. Driven by their concerns, the public has pushed for law enforcement and mental health systems to prevent attacks rather than just respond to them after they occur. The prevention process requires guidance for practitioners and policymakers on how best to identify people who may be at risk, to understand and assess the nature and function of the harm they may cause, and to manage them to mitigate or prevent harm. Violent Extremism provides such guidance.

Over 10 chapters, prepared by leading experts, this handbook illuminates the nature of violent extremism and the evolution of prevention-driven practice. Authors draw on the literature and their experience to explain which factors might increase (risk factors) or decrease (protective factors) risk, how those factors might operate, and how practitioners can prepare risk formulations and scenario plans that inform risk management strategies to prevent violent extremist harm.

Each chapter is crafted to support thoughtful, evidence-based practice that is transparent, accountable and ultimately defensible. Written for an international audience, the volume will be of interest to law enforcement and mental health professionals, criminal justice and security personnel, as well as criminologists, policymakers and researchers.

Praise for Violent Extremism
‘In Violent Extremism, Logan, Borum and Gill have assembled the most celebrated scholars and practitioners in anticipating and mitigating violence. This extraordinary accomplishment could transform the future of risk assessment.’
John Monahan, University of Virginia

‘Scholarly, scientific and so very practical, this is the book we have been waiting for. It should be read, and re-read, by every practitioner and researcher working on violent extremism.’
John Horgan, Georgia State University

‘Since the early 2000s, the field of assessing violent extremism risk has developed apace. This landmark text authoritatively takes stock of past and current theory, research and practice, and provides a coherent vision for the future.’
Christopher Dean, Cardiff Metropolitan University

Les troubles mentaux et plus largement les souffrances psychologiques et sociales sont aujourd’hui un des problèmes majeurs de santé dans le monde. Au regard de la charge mondiale causée par ces troubles, l’Assemblée mondiale de la Santé a adopté en mai 2012 une résolution préconisant une réponse globale coordonnée au niveau des pays pour répondre aux besoins de prise en charge des troubles mentaux. Ainsi, dans la perspective d’une recherche visant à améliorer la santé mentale et parvenir à promouvoir la santé pour tous (Patel & Prince, 2010), la présente étude s’intéresse à comprendre les représentations sociales et culturelles de la santé et de la maladie mentale, à la lumière de la dépression et du suicide en contexte africain.

2La dépression est classée comme un trouble mental courant présent à travers le monde et les cultures sous différentes manifestations (Bellanger et al., 2001). La dépression est une affection fréquente dans le monde qui touche environ 322 millions de personnes soit environ 4.4 % de la population mondiale (OMS, 2015). Le nombre total de personnes vivant avec la dépression a augmenté de 18,4 % entre 2005 et 2015. Elle est souvent décrite comme se caractérisant par une tristesse, une perte d’intérêt ou de plaisir, des sentiments de culpabilité ou de dévalorisation de soi, un sommeil ou un appétit perturbé, une certaine fatigue et des problèmes de concentration. La dépression peut perdurer ou devenir récurrente, entravant ainsi de façon substantielle l’aptitude d’un individu à fonctionner au travail ou à l’école ou à faire face à sa vie quotidienne. Elle peut également dans certains cas conduire au suicide (OMS, 2020).

3La dépression affecte outre l’individu atteint, son entourage, et représente également un lourd fardeau social et économique. Dans sa publication « Dépression : parlons-en » de mars 2017, l’OMS met en avant non seulement la souffrance des personnes atteintes de maladies mentales, mais également le coût socio-économique important de ces maladies. En effet, selon ce rapport, la perte économique mondiale relative au manque de reconnaissance et d’accès aux soins en cas de dépression ou autres troubles mentaux comme l’anxiété se chiffrerait à 1 000 milliards de dollars américains par an. Ce fardeau, pesant sur les familles, les employeurs et les gouvernements. En raison de son impact sur le fonctionnement humain et de sa propension croissante actuelle, la dépression se présente comme la première cause d’incapacité dans le monde (OMS, 2020).

4Selon la forme, la dépression peut être durable ou récurrente. Elle résulte d’interactions complexes entre les facteurs sociaux, psychologiques et biologiques. La forme majeure de dépression fortement corrélée au risque de suicide est la dépression durable (Shea et al., 2008). De plus, la dépression et l’anxiété semblent être des facteurs de risque pour le suicide en association avec des facteurs individuels et contextuels (Turecki & Brent, 2016).

5Les dépressions majeures, les addictions, la schizophrénie, les troubles bipolaires et les personnes souffrant de troubles sévères de la personnalité de type état limite sont également à risque d’idées suicidaires et de suicide (Fawcett et al., 1993).

6Le comportement suicidaire associé à la dépression majeure, est souvent conceptualisé le long d’un spectre allant de pensées suicidaires à la tentative de suicide et à la mort, en passant par l’élaboration de projets suicidaires (Findlay, 2017). En 2015, on estime que 788 000 personnes sont décédées dans le monde des suites du suicide ce qui représente 1,5 % de tous les décès, plaçant le suicide au niveau des vingt principales causes de décès. Le taux de suicide varie en fonction de l’âge, du sexe et du niveau socio-économique des régions. Selon les données recueillies par l’OMS, le suicide représente aussi 50 % des morts violentes chez les hommes 71 % chez les femmes et il est la deuxième cause de mortalité chez les 15-29 ans. Dans les pays les plus riches, trois fois plus d’hommes que de femmes décèdent par suicide, contre 1,5 fois dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire. Le suicide prélève ainsi un lourd tribut en vies humaines.

7Diverses études ont traité de la question de la dépression, du suicide et leurs représentations pour les communautés culturelles (Rodiguez et al, 2022). Dans notre étude, nous souhaitons spécifiquement nous intéresser aux représentations sociales associées à la souffrance psychologique, notamment la dépression, afin de soutenir des stratégies de préventions et d’interventions concernant le suicide non stigmatisantes et centrées sur les communautés (Rivera et al., 2021).

8À noter qu’en dépit des avancées scientifiques en matière de traitement des maladies mentales, dans les pays à revenus faible ou intermédiaire, entre 76 % et 85 % des personnes ne bénéficient d’aucun traitement (OMS, 2020). Le manque de ressources, la pénurie de soignants qualifiés, les erreurs de diagnostics, la stigmatisation sociale et le tabou liés aux troubles mentaux sont autant d’obstacles à l’accès et à l’administration de soins efficaces. Ces considérations subjectives pourraient être des indicateurs du comportement des individus, notamment leur choix de solliciter ou non l’aide des spécialistes ou même à commettre des actes comme le suicide.

9Plusieurs auteurs ont proposé une définition du concept des représentations sociales. Toutefois, la définition qui répond le mieux aux besoins de notre étude est celle de Jodelet (1989) qui définit les représentations sociales comme des phénomènes complexes (éléments informatifs, cognitifs, idéologiques, normatifs, croyances, valeurs, attitudes, opinions, images, etc.) organisés sous la forme d’un savoir disant quelque chose sur l’état de la réalité toujours activée et agissant dans la vie. Cette définition prend en considération différents concepts tels que l’environnement social aussi bien que l’aspect comportemental qui en découle.

10Ainsi, notre question de recherche est de savoir si les représentations sociales de la dépression et du suicide exercent une influence sur ceux-ci, le but étant de découvrir les meilleures pratiques de prévention, intervention et postvention.

Femawle Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) comprises all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs that are medically unnecessary (i.e. performed primarily for cultural or religious reasons), especially when done without the consent of the affected person. Such procedures are usually carried out in infancy or childhood and, most often before the age of 15. Although some pictorial and training tools are available, existing literature focuses primarily on adults. The signs of FGM/C particularly in prepubertal girls, can be subtle and depend on the type as well as on the experience of the examiner. The health care provider (HCP) should be trained to be familiar with, and able to identify a wide range of both modified and unmodified genitalia, as well as findings that may superficially look like FGM/C but actually reflect the normal range of genital anatomy. Knowledge of FGM/C types and subtypes, as well as complications and differential diagnoses of physical findings, are critical. We present a reference guide and atlas containing iconographic material of both the pre- and post-pubertal external female genital area with and without genital cutting/alteration. Our purpose is to facilitate training of health care professionals in making accurate diagnoses, providing appropriate clinical management, ensuring culturally informed/sensitive patient–provider communication, and accurate recording and reporting to child welfare/law enforcement agencies, where required.

More than 40 years after the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care, it is time to take stock. A look back at the evolution of pharmaceutical policies reveals the extent to which international health has transformed in the last four decades. The imperative of equitable access to healthcare, reaffirmed in Astana in 2018, has still not been achieved in many countries across the globe, whereas recent Ebola and COVID epidemics have opened up new political spaces for pharmaceutical development. In response to a gap in the literature with regard to the politics behind global pharmaceutical policymaking, we offer a critical interpretive synthesis of the literature on pharmaceutical policies, in English and French, from 1978 to 2018 inclusively. Our search strategy and inclusion criteria enabled us to select and review 134 papers and books on pharmaceutical policies. Building upon the seminal works of K.S. Rajan, we review the literature under the following assumption: pharmaceutical policies reflect or enact different conceptions of knowledge, political spaces, and value. We then critically discuss our findings in light of the contemporary debates, particularly in the wake of recurring epidemics. We thereby challenge the mainstream perspective according to which pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical policies must be viewed as value-free, apolitical instruments.

Violent radicalization is the result of a multidimensional process determined by a complex interplay among cultural, social and individual variables. However, empirical evidence on the risk and protective factors involved in the process of violent radicalization is still scarce. Even less is known on early determinants in terms of primary prevention. In the present chapter, we argue the importance of a Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach to the study of violent radicalization, aimed at fostering youth strengths across multiple levels of functioning. In support of our argument, we present findings from a broad quantitative project on the determinants of sympathy for violent radicalization among youth in Québec (Canada). The findings suggest that supporting connection (e.g., social support, plural group identities and religiosity) and confidence (e.g., positive future orientation) represents an effective way of providing youth with valid alternatives to violent radicalization.

In order to highlight the influence of the national context on the process of identity transmission, this chapter aims to compare the parental identity transmission project of mixed couples in Quebec and Morocco while taking into account the transnational experience of these families. The significant differences between Quebec and Morocco offer an interesting comparison with respect to transmission issues. We discuss the choices and strategies of the parents, focusing on the transmission of specific identity markers: the choice of first name and family name, educational system, language and nationality. Our results show that the national context significantly influences the choices that parents make but also that the transnational experience of these families strongly impacts the process of identity transmission. Choices are made to facilitate the children’s transnational mobility, and relationships and cross-border ties are also used by the parents as a resource to strengthen a sense of belonging that connects their children to both societies.

Ce chapitre s’attarde à la manière dont certains enfants, adolescents et parents du Québec ont vécu le confinement et les différentes mesures sociosanitaires misent en place au cours des premiers mois de la pandémie de la COVID-19. Ces expériences serviront à illustrer comment se manifeste ce que plusieurs appellent la vulnérabilité ordinaire.

The contemporary global context of migration suggests a continued increase in migration due to people forced out of their countries of origin as a result of interconnected factors such as war, dictatorship, persecution, development, resource extraction, environmental disaster and human trafficking. These social, economic and political conditions shape the ways in which heteronormative1
and cisnormative violence compel lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) people from the Global South to migrate to the Global North.
Indeed, over 70 of the 93 nation-states continue to criminalize sexual and
gender transgressions, with most of these situated in the Global South, such as Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and Nigeria. However, critical scholarship highlights, in site- and context-specific ways, the historical role of colonialism, imperialism and European empire-building in the criminalization, control and erasure of diverse Indigenous sexual and gender expressions and practices in these regions.
A growing body of scholarship engages in historical, policy and textual analysis while drawing from critical race, feminist (e.g. transnational and post-colonial feminist, women of color feminist, transfeminist, etc.), queer (e.g. queer of color, queer diasporic) and trans theories
This chapter presents key findings from a scoping review that synthesized the knowledge produced between 2007 to 2017 about LGBTQI migrants, with a
focus of those who migrated from the Global South to the Global North. The term “migrant” is used to include those who arrive in a host country with permanent status (e.g. refugees, LGBTQI Migrants and Social Work. Economic class, family class, etc.) or with precarious status (visitors, temporary workers, international students, refugee claimants, undocumented people, etc.). A total of 241 publications were included in the initial scoping review, with 56 from Canada, 74 from the US, 50 from elsewhere in the Global North and 61 from the Global South. A synthesis that focuses primarily on the Canadian-specific literature (Lee et al., in press), has been discussed elsewhere. Thus, this chapter focuses primarily on scholarship from the Global North, particularly from the US
and Europe. However, we draw from the entirety of the literature reviewed in order to more fully explore the implications for social work policy and practice with LGBTQI migrants. This highlights possible strategies for engaging in policy advocacy and community mobilizing as well as developing trauma-informed and anti-oppressive service delivery and specialized services for LGBTQI migrants.
There is an emergent and growing social work-specific literature about LGBTQI migrant realities informing how social work educators and practitioners in the Global North may better work with this population. Yet, there remains a lack of scholarship that examines the role of the social work profession in LGBTQI support and advocacy. This chapter therefore concludes with some critical reflections on the generative possibilities of the social work profession placing

Le présent ouvrage, en évitant le traditionnel clivage entre méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives, présente 30 devis ou analyses de recherche, dont l’étude de cas, la théorisation ancrée, la revue de littérature systématique, l’essai randomisé, le groupe de discussion focalisée, les analyses multiniveaux, la modélisation par équations structurelles et les approches participatives. Cette nouvelle édition est également enrichie de chapitres portant sur l’examen de la portée, la méta-review des écrits, l’analyse de puissance, l’analyse d’agrégats géographiques, les algorithmes d’apprentissage automatique ou statistique, la modélisation de type Rasch et les enquêtes en ligne.

Internationally, human trafficking is usually defined officially as involving a range of exploitative scenarios: forced labor, sexual exploitation, illegal adoption, and organ sales are all commonly included. Each of these phenomena, while having some commonalities, also has many different characteristics. When the state or civil society tries to respond to “human trafficking,” it can be difficult to find an approach that works for all these scenarios. This chapter will discuss the strengths and weaknesses and the advantages and disadvantages of endeavoring to serve the differing populations of people affected by sexual exploitation versus labor trafficking. To substantiate our analysis, we will highlight the experiences of frontline workers by drawing on the findings of 79 interviews conducted in Canada with stakeholders and practitioners in the field. In the context of increased efforts worldwide to counteract trafficking in all its forms, with a notable growing attention to forced labor, this chapter will examine the challenges that arise from tackling diverse forms of trafficking, looking specifically at forced labor and sexual exploitation.

While there is increasing attention to the perspectives of people caught up in human trafficking – attention that has helped illuminate the cloudy nature of consent and agency in situations of human trafficking – the perspectives of children are relatively absent from the debate. Western notions of childhood downplay children’s agency and decision-making. In this chapter, the results of a study that explored the perspectives of over 50 West African children “rescued” by Nigeria’s NAPTIP, a governmental agency mandated to fight human trafficking and protect its victims, are shared. One theme that emerged strongly from the children’s narratives was the centrality of their quest for education, training, and other life opportunities as a factor that led them into situations of human trafficking, a situation likely to exist in other contexts as well. The children’s desire for education was often part of what led them away from home, kept them in their situations of trafficking, and made many of them unwilling to return home after being “rescued” by NAPTIP. These findings suggest a critical need to provide for children’s educational needs if we hope to combat child trafficking, as well as the need to provide meaningful alternatives to children we purport to “rescue.”

As the global movement of people reaches unprecedented levels, Western governments are increasingly obsessed with border enforcement and migration management. This has resulted in the creation of complex and ever-changing immigration systems, contributing to the proliferation of new and complicated categories of migration status. Increasing numbers of migrants are finding themselves with precarious forms of immigration status and/or no status at all. People in this situation constantly live with the threat of criminalization and deportation – a situation well-documented to have serious economic, social, and health consequences for individuals and communities.

What then of community organizing and community development with people who live under the specter of such threats? Scholarship on community organizing has generally tended to overlook the needs and activism of this population and/or to imply that organizing with precarious and non-status migrants is either practically too difficult or ethically too risky. This chapter challenges the notion that precarious and non-status migrants do not or should not organize and provide insight into the particularities of social work with this community. We begin by looking at how literature describes the risks and challenges associated with organizing this population. We then review the findings of an empirical study conducted in Montreal, shedding light on the forms of individual support, community organizing, and policy advocacy that take place among precarious and non-status migrants. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of organizing with this community and on methods for maximizing their power while minimizing the risk of detention and deportation.

The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) in Canada has set the stage for inclusive policy. Health literacy, language spoken, and gender are among the selected differential resettlement determinants of refugees’ access to health resources and opportunities. Gender-based analysis (GBA) is a priority for IRPA for promoting inclusive settlement policies. However, these legislative structures do not reflect language and health literacy as important intersections for immigrant integration. The objective of this chapter is to demonstrate that intersectionality as a policy tool can help structural and political processes to promote social justice and integration commitments to settlement and health care policy.

Research has shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) children are likely to experience chronic victimization and that these experiences
correlate with numerous mental health problems. However, there is little understanding of the abuse experiences of LGBT children living in countries where rights for sexual and gender minorities are limited or nonexistent. In this chapter, we explore the child abuse experiences that contribute to LGBT individuals’ decision
to flee their countries of origin in search of protection. In addition, we examine the impact of these abuse experiences on their pre-migration mental health. We conducted 26 interviews with individuals who obtained refugee or asylee status in the United States or Canada on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.
Participants originated from countries in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. We identified the following themes: abuse by parents and caregivers, abuse by peers and school personnel, having nowhere to turn, and dealing with psychological distress. Findings demonstrate that
participants experienced severe verbal, physical, and sexual abuse throughout childhood and adolescence and that this abuse occurred at home, in school, and in the community. Furthermore, there were no resources or sources of protection available to them. Participants linked their abuse to subjective experiences of depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress, as well as suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. We provide implications for clinical practice as well as international policies that protect the well-being of children

Les services en santé mentale jeunesse comprennent des interventions multimodales interdisciplinaires complexes et leur évaluation tire profit des méthodes mixtes, particulièrement auprès de populations caractérisées par leur diversité culturelle.

Ce chapitre présente les résultats d’une étude pilote visant à développer une méthode d’évaluation des soins en collaboration en santé mentale jeunesse à Montréal. La méthode combinait la réalisation d’entrevues semi-dirigées auprès de cinq triades jeune-parent-intervenant et de questionnaires mesurant la satisfaction envers les services et l’amélioration du portrait clinique.

Nous aborderons principalement les forces et les limites de la méthode mixte employée. Les points de convergence et de divergence des données quantitatives et qualitatives sont présentés et l’accent est mis sur l’importance de l’intégration des résultats.

Les résultats mixtes ont permis d’améliorer la rigueur scientifique de la recherche en complétant et en contextualisant les résultats des composantes qualitative et quantitative de l’étude, et en permettant une meilleure adéquation culturelle de la méthode utilisée.

Sur le plan éthique, nous considérons que l’approche qualitative a amélioré la prise en considération de la voix des participants, une question particulièrement importante pour des recherches sur des enjeux de santé pouvant faire l’objet de stigmatisation et menées auprès de populations culturellement minoritaires, marginalisées ou peu représentées dans la littérature scientifique. Les contributions de l’étude pilote au développement d’un devis de recherche mixte longitudinal sont également présentées.

Stemming from a study with families of migrant & non-migrant backgrounds in Montréal on children’s stomach pains, this paper questions how ways of dealing with medical uncertainty has bearing on pathways to care. These pathways are enacted within and beyond the family space as well as in medical settings. While acknowledging that group practices call for nuance, non-migrant children lead a greater quest for legitimacy of their pain while most migrant families place stomach aches in the range of normality.

The Canadian government’s recent cuts to healthcare coverage for refugee claimants has rekindled the debate in Canada about what medical services should be provided to individuals with precarious immigration status, and who should pay for these services. This article further explores this debate, focussing on the perceptions of healthcare workers in Montreal, a large multiethnic Canadian city. In April-June 2010, an online survey was conducted to assess how clinicians, administrators, and support staff in Montreal contend with the ethical and professional dilemmas raised by the issue of access to healthcare services for pregnant women and children who are partially or completely uninsured. Drawing on qualitative analysis of answers (n = 237) to three open-ended survey questions, we identify the discursive frameworks that our respondents mobilized when arguing for, or against, universal access to healthcare for uninsured patients. In doing so, we highlight how their positions relate to their self-evaluations of Canada’s socioeconomic situation, as well as their ideological representations of, and sense of social connection to, precarious status immigrants. Interestingly, while abstract values lead some healthcare workers to perceive uninsured immigrants as “deserving” of universal access to healthcare, negative perceptions of these migrants, coupled with pragmatic considerations, pushed most workers to view the uninsured as “underserving” of free care. For a majority of our respondents, the right to healthcare of precarious status immigrants has become a “privilege”, that as taxpayers, they are increasingly less willing to contribute to. We conclude by arguing for a reconsideration of access to healthcare as a right, and offer recommendations to move in this direction.