Mental Health

Background

Children in Afghanistan live in dangerous areas, and have been exposed to traumatic events and chaotic education. Progress has been made on access to education for girls who were the most affected by traditional attitudes against engagement in education.

Objectives

The objectives were to evaluate the mental health of Afghan children living in regions of conflict and the association of mental health with school attendance for girls and boys.

Method

The study included 2707 school aged children in eight regions of Afghanistan (16 provinces) residing in households recruited through a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling strategy in 2017. The level of terrorist threat was evaluated by the intensity of terrorist attacks recorded that year in each province. Child mental health was assessed with the parental report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) along with information on school attendance, sociodemographic characteristics and geographic location.

Results

A total of 52.75% of children had scores above threshold for the SDQ total difficulties score, 39.19% for emotional difficulties, 51.98% for conduct challenges, and 15.37% for hyperactivity/inattention. Peer relationship problems were high (82.86%) and 12.38% reported that these problems impacted daily life. The level of terrorist threat was associated with SDQ total difficulties (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 4.08, P < 0.0001), with youth in regions with high levels of terrorist threat more likely to have problems than youth in regions with low or medium levels of danger, independent of region and ethnicity. School attendance was negatively associated with emotional symptoms (AOR = 0.65, P < 0.0001) and mental health difficulties with impairment (AOR = 0.67, P = 0.007), but positively associated with peer relationships difficulties (AOR = 1.96, P > 0.0001). Conduct (AOR = 1.66, P < .0001) and SDQ total difficulties (AOR = 1.22, P = 0.019) were higher among boys. Overall, gender did not modify the relationship between school attendance and child mental health.

Conclusion

Attending school is essential for children’s mental health, across gender, and should be supported as a priority in Afghanistan despite the return of the Taliban.

Purpose

To elicit stakeholder perspectives on the findings from our scoping review on youth participation in mental health policymaking, we conducted a global consultation with young people and adults directly involved in mental health policymaking.

Method

Forty-four stakeholders from 16 countries, including 15 young people, 9 policymakers and 20 facilitators of youth participation, took part in individual interviews and/or focus groups. They were asked about how the review findings contrasted with their own experiences in mental health policymaking. The transcribed data were thematically analyzed.

Results

All participants viewed lived experience as valuable in identifying policy gaps. Youth pointed out that children and youth with disabilities, diverse sexual orientations, and/or gender identities were often excluded, and spoke about feelings of being an “accessory”, illustrating a lack of power-sharing in a tokenized policymaking process. Adult participants’ accounts highlighted the challenges inherent in policymaking such as the need for political knowledge and institutional time constraints. A range of cultural, socio-economic, and political barriers to youth participation, that were often context-specific, were identified.

Conclusions

The diverse perspectives of stakeholders extended the review results. Based on our findings, we recommend that adults and institutions: (1) recognize lived experience as expertise in shaping mental health policies; (2) include diverse groups; (3) reduce tokenistic relationships through the creation of safer spaces, adult feedback, co-production, and social accountability; and (4) adopt an intersectional approach to address cultural, socio-economic, and political barriers to participation. Methodologically, our work demonstrates why stakeholder consultations are an essential component of scoping reviews.

L’implantation de réseaux de services intégrés jeunesse (RSIJ) au Québec et ailleurs dans le monde témoigne de la volonté des décideurs de répondre de façon efficace aux problématiques de santé globale des jeunes de 12 à 25 ans. Cette évaluation a eu pour objectif d’analyser le contexte de mise en œuvre et l’efficacité de ce modèle. Les questions d’évaluation s’articulaient autour des facilitateurs et des obstacles à la mise en œuvre d’un RSIJ; son efficacité (sur le plan de l’amélioration de l’état de santé et du bienêtre des jeunes et de leur trajectoire) et de son efficience (coûts-avantages, coûts-efficacité; coûts-utilité). L’évaluation s’intéressait également aux variations éventuelles de la mise en œuvre et de l’efficacité dans le cas où les services sont offerts à des jeunes de la diversité ethnoculturelle. Cinq réseaux de services intégrés à l’international ont été étudiés (headspace, Australie; Youth One-Stop Shop, Nouvelle-Zélande; Jigsaw, Irlande; Foundry, Canada; Prépsy, France). La revue de la littérature systématique a permis, entre autres, d’identifier neuf (9) composantes clés dans la mise en œuvre et la prestation des services dans les RSIJ qui ont été validées en consultation avec les jeunes et des intervenants.

L’implantation de réseaux de services intégrés jeunesse (RSIJ) au Québec et ailleurs dans le monde témoigne de la volonté des décideurs de répondre de façon efficace aux problématiques de santé globale des jeunes de 12 à 25 ans. Cette évaluation a eu pour objectif d’analyser le contexte de mise en œuvre et l’efficacité de ce modèle. Les questions d’évaluation s’articulaient autour des facilitateurs et des obstacles à la mise en œuvre d’un RSIJ; son efficacité (sur le plan de l’amélioration de l’état de santé et du bienêtre des jeunes et de leur trajectoire) et de son efficience (coûts-avantages, coûts-efficacité; coûts-utilité). L’évaluation s’intéressait également aux variations éventuelles de la mise en œuvre et de l’efficacité dans le cas où les services sont offerts à des jeunes de la diversité ethnoculturelle. Cinq réseaux de services intégrés à l’international ont été étudiés (headspace, Australie; Youth One-Stop Shop, Nouvelle-Zélande; Jigsaw, Irlande; Foundry, Canada; Prépsy, France). La revue de la littérature systématique a permis, entre autres, d’identifier neuf (9) composantes clés dans la mise en œuvre et la prestation des services dans les RSIJ qui ont été validées en consultation avec les jeunes et des intervenants.

The aim of this article is to shed light on the levers and obstacles of the co-creation process encountered during the first steps of the implementation of a demonstration project in youth mental health in Quebec, in the context of an expansion of youth integrated service networks. Using a qualitative approach, the role of the various stakeholders involved (community partners, service providers, youths) is described in such a way as to highlight the co-creation issues the actors were confronted with between the design and implementation phases. We report on a formative and developmental evaluation, which is still ongoing. In this sense, this article seeks to clarify the lessons learned on the process of co-creation of public action.

Purpose

Social adversity experiences have increased during the pandemic and are potential risk factors for both depression and support for violent radicalization (VR). However, the cumulative and independent effects of various social adversity experiences on support for VR have yet to be explored. This paper examines the cumulative and independent effects of COVID- and non-COVID-related discrimination, exposure to violence, traditional and cyberbullying victimization on support for VR. In addition, we investigate whether depression mediates the relationship between these forms of social adversity and support for VR.

Methods

A total of 6003 young adults (M_age = 27, SD_age = 4.40, range 18–35) living in metropolitan areas in Canada responded to an online survey. We used multivariable regression models, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, to infer covariate adjusted associations between social adversity measures and support for VR. Additionally, we conducted a formal mediation analysis to estimate the proportion mediated by depression.

Results

There was a cumulative relationship between experiences of social adversity and support for VR (β = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.32, 1.72). COVID-related discrimination and cyberbullying victimization were independently associated with stronger support for VR. Depression partially mediated the effect of cumulative social adversity, COVID-related discrimination and cyberbullying on support for VR.

Conclusion

Prevention programs during the present pandemic should prioritize decreasing discrimination and providing psychosocial support to depressed young adults who experience social adversity. Practitioners should prioritize developing programs that foster digital literacy skills and critical thinking among young adults to address the concerning impact of cyberbullying on support for VR.

Objectives

High mortality rates, anxiety and distress associated with Ebola virus disease (EVD) are risk factors for mood disorders in affected communities. This study aims to document the prevalence and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms among a representative sample of individuals affected by EVD.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

The current study was conducted 7 months (March 11, 2019 to April 23, 2019) after the end of the ninth outbreak of EVD in the province of Equateur in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Participants

A large population-based sample of 1614 adults (50% women, Mage=34.05; SD=12.55) in health zones affected by the ninth outbreak in DRC.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Participants completed questionnaires assessing EVD exposure level, stigmatisation related to EVD and depressive symptoms. The ORs associated with sociodemographic data, EVD exposure level and stigmatisation were analysed through logistic regressions.

Results

Overall, 62.03% (95% CI 59.66% to 64.40%) of individuals living in areas affected by EVD were categorised as having severe depressive symptoms. The multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that adults in the two higher score categories of exposure to EVD were at two times higher risk of developing severe depressive symptoms (respectively, OR 1.94 (95% CI 1.22 to 3.09); OR 2.34 (95% CI 1.26 to 4.34)). Individuals in the two higher categories of stigmatisation were two to four times more at risk (respectively, OR 2.42 (95% CI 1.53 to 3.83); OR 4.73 (95% CI 2.34 to 9.56)). Living in rural areas (OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.38)) and being unemployed (OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.93)) increased the likelihood of having severe depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Results indicate that depressive symptoms in EVD affected populations is a major public health problem that must be addressed through culturally adapted mental health programs.

Information is needed on the relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) social distancing restrictions and their relationship with mental health. In particular, there is limited investigation into how COVID-related adversities have positively mobilized individuals. We use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify subtypes of positive and negative aspects of the experience of COVID-19 social distancing and the association of these subtypes with mental health. We conduct an online survey of COVID-19 and mental health with 3,183 adults residing in Quebec, Canada, during the first wave of the epidemic. We use LCA to identify subtypes of positive and negative aspects of social distancing. We use logistic and linear regression to estimate the associations between class membership and self-reported impact of COVID-19 on mental health and scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). We identify five classes of individuals in regards to perceived positives and negatives of social distancing related to COVID-19, named Low Impact, Freedom/Flexibility, Safety, Family/Home, and Hardships. Sociodemographic variables including age, gender, race/ethnicity, and self-reported mental health prior to COVID are associated with class assignment. Latent classes are associated with both outcomes (p < .001). Individuals in the Hardships class have greater odds of reporting a significant impact of COVID-19 on mental health, OR = 2.09, 95% CI = [1.53, 2.86], p < .001, and have higher scores on the HSCL-10, β = .32, 95% CI = [.23, .42], p < .001, than those individuals in the Low Impact group after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Gender, age, and self-reported mental health prior to COVID-19 are independently associated with both outcomes (p < .001). We discuss study implications for public health programming and interventions to promote the mental health of at-risk populations during the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

En hématologie-oncologie pédiatrique, les technologies et les avancées médicales génèrent de multiples voies quant aux possibilités thérapeutiques. Ces possibilités et les espoirs qu’elles suscitent s’invitent comme acteurs dans la prise de décision. Parallèlement, les complications inhérentes aux traitements de pointe (greffes hématopoïétiques) sont nombreuses et la mort, une éventualité. À partir d’histoires d’enfants, de parents et de cliniciens, recueillies au cours d’une enquête ethnographique réalisée dans une unité d’hématologie-oncologie dans un hôpital pédiatrique à Montréal, nous discutons du processus de prise de décision lors de pronostics sombres et des défis posés par le passage d’une trajectoire thérapeutique à visée curative à celle ayant une perspective palliative. Nous questionnons la prise de décision partagée (patient/famille/médecin) et le rôle moral des cliniciens dans un contexte où les « morts spontanées » surviennent rarement et où l’option de prolonger la vie à tout prix rivalise avec la médecine palliative.

In a number of ways, dance can express and transform interpersonal and social bonds. This article explores this idea, drawing on a dance project conducted in Montreal in 2017 in a multi-ethnic neighborhood facing issues of poverty. The project was based on the premise that intergenerational and intercommunity ties both echo and transform each other. This article will describe the framework in which the project took place and discuss the challenges it raised, particularly in terms of animation and artistic process. Finally, we will reflect on the way that the dynamics between centrality and marginality were revealed in the project.

Violent radicalization is the result of a multidimensional process determined by a complex interplay among cultural, social and individual variables. However, empirical evidence on the risk and protective factors involved in the process of violent radicalization is still scarce. Even less is known on early determinants in terms of primary prevention. In the present chapter, we argue the importance of a Positive Youth Development (PYD) approach to the study of violent radicalization, aimed at fostering youth strengths across multiple levels of functioning. In support of our argument, we present findings from a broad quantitative project on the determinants of sympathy for violent radicalization among youth in Québec (Canada). The findings suggest that supporting connection (e.g., social support, plural group identities and religiosity) and confidence (e.g., positive future orientation) represents an effective way of providing youth with valid alternatives to violent radicalization.

The present study examines the moderating role of total, intrinsic, and extrinsic religiosity in the relation between perceived discrimination and sympathy for violent radicalization (VR) among college students in Quebec, Canada. A total of 931 students responded to an online questionnaire and were included in this study. Linear mixed-effects models were conducted to account for the clustered nature of the data, and moderation was assessed via interaction analysis using cross-product terms in the models. Findings indicated that both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity had a protective role in the link between perceived discrimination and sympathy for VR and buffered the effects of sadness in response to discrimination on sympathy for VR, but not the effects of anger in response to discrimination. These results provide evidence of the protective role of religiosity in Canada, a social context characterized by an increase in religious discrimination, but which also supports religious diversity.

Objectives
This study explored the perspectives of mental health practitioners serving LGBTQ+ forced migrants, LGBTQ+ individuals, and forced migrants not identifying as LGBTQ+ to understand the clinical frameworks guiding their practice and how they approached clients whose identities were similar to or different than their own.
Methods
Twenty-eight mental health practitioners from three Canadian cities participated in qualitative interviews. The sample comprised practitioners serving LGBTQ+ forced migrants (n=11); forced migrants not identifying as LGBTQ+ (n=9); and non-migrant LGBTQ+ clients (n=8). Thirteen providers identified as white; 3 as Middle-Eastern/North African, 3 as Latinx, 1 as West African, 1 as Indigenous, 1 as West Asian, and 1 as Other. Data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory.
Results
Practitioners across all three 3 sample groups used similar approaches, whether or not they worked with clients whose sexual orientations, gender identities, racial/ethnic backgrounds, or migration status were different than their own. Practitioners described using an
eclectic approach, incorporating cultural competence, cultural humility, and LGBTQ+- affirmative and anti-oppressive practices in their work. Practitioners also noted that lack of training for ancillary providers could lead to discrimination that negatively impacts clients, making establishing a therapeutic relationship challenging.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that the concepts of cultural humility, cultural competence, and affirmative practice may not be mutually exclusive. The similarities in practice approaches across provider samples point to the salience of integrating these clinical practice concepts and frameworks when working with LGBTQ+ forced migrants, LGBTQ+ individuals with diverse cultural backgrounds, and forced migrants who do not identity as LGBTQ+.

Using a retrospective sample, the authors sought to determine whether Black patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) in Canada were at a higher risk for coercive referral and coercive intervention than non-Black patients with FEP. Methods: Retrospective data from patients referred to an FEP program in 2008?2018 were collected via chart review (N=208). The authors used chi-square and logistic regression analyses to explore the relationships among race-ethnicity, diagnosis of psychosis, and coercive referral and intervention. Results: Results showed that Black persons of Caribbean or African descent with FEP were significantly more likely to be coercively referred (?2=9.24, df=2, p=0.010) and coercively treated (?2=9.21, df=2, p=0.010) than were non-Black individuals with FEP. Age and violent or threatening behavior were predictors of coercive referral. Ethnoracial status, age, and violent or threatening behavior were predictors of coercive intervention. Conclusions: This study contributes to the dearth of research on Black Canadians and offers insight into factors that may place patients with FEP at risk for coercive treatment. More research is needed to explore the role that ethnoracial status may play in hospital admissions and to uncover the role of racial prejudices in the assessment of danger.

This article introduces a thematic issue of Transcultural Psychiatry that presents recent work that deepens our understanding of the refugee experience—from the forces of displacement, through the trajectory of migration, to the challenges of resettlement. Mental health research on refugees and asylum seekers has burgeoned over the past two decades with epidemiological studies, accounts of the lived experience, new conceptual frameworks, and advances in understanding of effective treatment and intervention. However, there are substantial gaps in available research, and important ethical and methodological challenges. These include: the need to adopt decolonizing, participatory methods that amplify refugee voices; the further development of frameworks for studying the broad impacts of forced migration that go beyond posttraumatic stress disorder; and more translational research informed by longitudinal studies of the course of refugee adaptation. Keeping a human rights advocacy perspective front and center will allow researchers to work in collaborative ways with both refugee communities and receiving societies to develop innovative mental health policy and practice to meet the urgent need for a global response to the challenge of forced migration, which is likely to grow dramatically in the coming years as a result of the impacts of climate change.

This paper addresses the well-being of children in Switzerland, Canada and Estonia, as they experienced the lockdown imposed by governments after the state of international public health emergency, declared by the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. Suspension of school or starting with distance learning, cessation of extracurricular activities, closure of playgrounds, parks, shopping centres and loss of daily contacts with friends completely transformed children’s lives. The surveys conducted by the authors in individual ways, were all inspired by their membership to the Children’s Understandings of Well-Being network and involved the participation of 403 children aged 7–17 years old (229 girls and 174 boys). They present the emerging trends from the children’s narratives focusing on their experience of the lockdown in relation to family life, school life, contacts with friends, and in relation to space, time and self. During the lockdown leisure activities and hobbies, followed by life with friends and school life challenged relational well-being the most, while family life opened up new perspectives and generational solidarity. Staying at home and decreased physical activity impacted on the physical health of children, missing direct contacts with friends and teachers put social relations to test, fear of the virus decreased feeling safe and secure, and the lockdown restricted participation in society. The findings underline the relational nature of their well-being. More in-depth studies are needed to highlight the widening of inequalities and the balance between protection and participation of children.

This survey reflects the experiences of 2124learners in Grades 4 and 6 across Khomas region (Namibia). It provides evidence of how children feel about their homes, schools,neighbourhoods, friends, and families. This initiative is part of a larger project that spans over 40 countries and includes more than 126, 000 children!

Objective:
This article aims at filling some gaps in the literature regarding conditions conducive to high-quality collaborative care in youth mental health (YMH) for migrant families. It focuses on the factors that are susceptible to foster the engagement of migrant families in the services, by examining the clinical encounter, as well as sociopolitical and institutional dimensions.

Methods:
Using a multiphase mixed methods design, it sequentially follows qualitative and quantitative results regarding migrant families within the different projects of a research program on collaborative care in YMH in culturally and socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods, done in Montreal during the last decade. These results come from data collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, participatory observation and documentation, with research participants being children, adolescents and parents from migrant families, clinicians and managers.

Results:
The results suggest that the sociopolitical and macro institutional system finds its way into the clinical space by influencing the process of care. In particular, successive reforms of the health system challenge institutions and YMH teams in their capacity to create a favourable environment for continuity of care and interinstitutional partnership and interprofessional collaboration, factors associated with families’ engagement into care. This engagement is also dependent on the representations of mental health and services that migrant families hold. These representations are shaped by their experience of the services, but also by what their sociocultural environment and the public discourses allow them to imagine of these services. This calls for the integration of cultural and sociopolitical dimensions within the concept of engagement. Finally, results also suggest that schools are playing an important role to foster engagement in mental health care.

Conclusion:
The quality of mental health care for migrant children and adolescent relies on the engagement of families, as well as on the mutual engagement of clinicians and of their institutions. Political contexts where tensions between majority and minority groups are present can also act as barriers to the care. Given that migrant families are engaging less in the services compared to non-migrant families, these considerations call for an important review of avenues to facilitate engagement of migrant families into collaborative care YMH services. This article suggests certain avenues to promote this engagement.

The need for the services of a healthcare interpreter to treat allophone patients is, today, indisputable. The scientific literature demonstrates such a need in all medical specialties. In mental health, the situation is particularly sensitive when a psychological assessment requires the services of an interpreter.

Objectives:
To explore the best practices highlighted in the previous literature for working with an interpreter in mental health and apply them to the specific context of psychological assessments.

Methods:
A synthesis of key research recommendations for communicating through an interpreter was conducted.

Results :
A compilation of best practices for ensuring quality psychological assessment when working in partnership with an interpreter is provided, focusing on key issues to consider when assessing linguistically and culturally diverse patients. This compilation is organized in 3 stages: before, during and after the consultation. For example, the need to prepare for the consultation with the interpreter (briefing), the impossibility of requesting “word-for-word” interpreting (except in very special cases), and the need for a debriefing with the interpreter to complete the assessment.

Discussion:
Mental health professionals can optimize their collaboration with interpreters in psychological assessment by applying this three-step model, which will improve cross-cultural communication.

The objectives of this paper are to explore the impact of psychological trauma and migration on a mother’s ambivalence regarding her relationship with her child and to explore the effect on the child’s “continuity of being.”

Background

Relocation and resettlement are often accompanied by physical, mental, and social challenges for migrant youth. Community-based programs have the potential to benefit their wellbeing and resettlement. However, there is limited research on the mechanisms by which these interventions work from the perspective of youth, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. By including youth’s lived experiences, community-based programs may gain a richer understanding of how to best deliver their programs and contribute to the wellbeing of migrant youth during the pandemic.

Objectives

This study aimed to:
1) Describe migrant youth’s experiences participating in Say Ça!, a community-based welcome program in Montreal, during the pandemic; and
2) Explore the underlying processes that contribute to migrant youth’s wellbeing and resettlement from the perspectives of service users, and how these have been affected by the pandemic.
Methods.

Six youth from Say Ça! participated in a photo novella project to reflect on their experiences in the program during COVID-19 and how these contributed to their wellbeing. Semi-structured online interviews were conducted to document the meaning behind the journal entries and accompanying images.

Results

Participants identified challenges and benefits on youth wellbeing of engaging in the program during the pandemic. Lessons are drawn on the underlying processes of effective community-based welcome programs and necessary changes to best respond to the needs of migrant youth during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic is causing extensive morbidity and mortality and is fueling psychological distress across populations. Early evidence has shown an increase in anxiety, depression and sleep problems in the general population.1
,2
Although pandemics shatter the functioning of communities and families globally, there is a paucity of studies targeting the effects of pandemics on youth mental health.
As mental health professionals, our fields have become aware of how the COVID-19 outbreak represents an extraordinarily stressful experience for youths, including how necessary public health measures may also threaten personal and collective meaning-making, and disrupt family dynamics and youths’ usual social environment. Because of the COVID-19−related school closures and social distancing measures, millions of children have been confined at home. Although families, communities, and schools have attempted to adapt, at times successfully, many children and youth have been deprived of structured support, trapped in dysfunctional family settings, and are relying largely on peer relations through the unsupervised use of social media.3
In the absence of much needed evidence, clinical experience and available evidence on stress-related disorders in emergency settings is provisionally informing clinical practice and defining the role of child mental health services during a pandemic. Although it is impossible and premature to address all aspects of pediatric mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to begin conceptualizing what this pandemic has meant for our practice and where and how we can promote pediatric mental health during a global emergency that is not currently remitting.

Adolescence is a critical period of development, when one-in-five psychiatric disorders emerge. Anxiety, depression, and suicide are the most common. However, most children and youth in need of mental health services in Canada do not have access to them. There is limited information about education and support programs for parents of adolescents to promote their children’s mental health, particularly among ethno-cultural populations. Moreover, the quality of studies focused on these programs is variable. An
environmental scan was conducted to identify community-based programs across Canada oriented to assist the parents of adolescents in the promotion of mental health, as well as the challenges and areas for improvement of these interventions. Alongside, a scoping review of the international and Canadian literature on this topic was carried out. This Policy Brief presents the results and recommendations of both studies.

En France, les mineurs non accompagnés (mna) rencontrent de multiples obstacles qui peuvent avoir des effets négatifs sur leur santé mentale. Les professionnels de la santé et du social qui participent à leur prise en charge doivent développer et mettre en œuvre des approches et outils adaptés aux réalités des mna et qui leur offrent un espace d’interactions le plus ouvert possible. À partir d’une revue de littérature, nous proposons dans cet article de dresser un état des lieux de la santé mentale des mna et d’identifier les approches ainsi que les outils développés et mis en œuvre par les professionnels qui visent à favoriser la communication et l’expression des mna (notamment l’approche interculturelle, le travail en interdisciplinarité, l’art-thérapie). Nous formulons en conclusion plusieurs pistes de réflexion à l’endroit des professionnels et des pouvoirs publics qui travaillent avec ce jeune public migrant.

Guide à l’intention du personnel enseignant pour favoriser le développement du bien-être et de la santé mentale en contexte scolaire au vu des nouvelles réalités imposées par la pandémie

A position statement developed by the Canadian Psychiatric Association’s (CPA) Transcultural Section and approved by the CPA Board of Directors on July 9, 2020

The field of refugee family research and intervention forms a growing field of scientific study, focussing on the refugee family as the central niche of coping with, and giving meaning to, trauma, cultural uprooting, and exile. This important new book develops an understanding of the role of refugee family relationships in post-trauma healing and provides an in-depth analysis of central clinical-therapeutic themes in refugee family psychosocial interventions. Expert contributions from across transcultural psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy and social work have provided chapters on post-trauma reconstruction in refugee family relationships, trauma care for refugee families, and intersectorial psychosocial interventions with refugee families. This exploration of refugee family systems in both research and clinical practice aims to promote a systemic perspective in health and social services working with families in refugee mental health care.

L’étude Réactions a pour but de comprendre de façon longitudinale l’expérience des enfants et adolescents d’âge scolaire de la pandémie de la COVID19 ainsi que ses effets sur eux-mêmes et leurs parents. Plus précisément, il s’agit de :1) Dresser un portrait des connaissances et de la compréhension des jeunes de  la pandémie de la COVID19; 2)Explorer les représentations des jeunes des conséquences positives et négatives des mesures de prévention et de protection imposées en réponse à la COVID19; 3) Identifier les facteurs qui contribuent et nuisent au bien-être des enfants, des adolescents et de leur parent en contexte de confinement et de déconfinement; 4) Décrire l’évolution du bien-être, du fonctionnement parental, du fonctionnement familial et du soutien social des familles du Québec au cours de la crise de la COVID19; 5) Générer des connaissances pouvant être mobilisées par les décideurs afin d’être mieux préparés pour soutenir les familles lors de prochaines situations de crise.

The worldwide upsurge in social polarizations generates intercommunity  tensions that challenge the social fabric of urban neighborhoods and undermine the relationships between their members. Because community arts can foster the creation of connections between people that would not have been in contact otherwise, they are often perceived as being powerful tools to foster community resilience. Through a multiple case study approach, this article describes how three community arts projects, carried out in two socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods of Montreal (Canada), influenced the social relationships between participants from diverse ethnocultural backgrounds and generations. Using participant observation and arts‐based data collection methods (photography, video, and arts productions), the authors examine how the three projects illustrate (a) the interactive processes at play, (b) the transmission and hybridization of stories and images of adversity and resiliency, and (c) the access to a collective voice.

Objectives
The Ebola virus disease (EVD) is associated with major mental health consequences (e.g., depression, anxiety, PTSD). Studies have shown a need for relevant and effective programs to address mental health consequences associated to EVD. This systematic review aimed to describe programs implemented following EVD outbreaks and to evaluate their effectiveness and relevance in order to provide evidence-based data to improve mental health services.

Methods
We first searched EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, PILOTS, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE for a systematic review on EVD and on MHPSS programs. Then, we searched the grey literature. The search generated 2827 publications. Eleven studies were retained according to the PRISMA statement.

Results
This systematic review revealed that most programs were implemented by international organizations in collaboration with local partners. Many of them were implemented following WHO mhGAP and Psychological First Aid guidelines. Programs were implemented in hospitals, Ebola treatment centres, communities among different categories of individuals exposed to EVD (survivors, health workers and volunteers, other frontline workers, children, adults, etc.). Only two of the identified programs which integrated cultural factors were empirically evaluated. Results from the evaluations showed mental health improvement for both children and adults.

Conclusions
This study provides the first systematic review on MHPSS programs among communities affected by EVD. This study shows the need to increase efforts to systematically document and evaluate the implemented programs. Results also provide preliminary evidence about the value of culturally sensitive MHPSS programs and of the implication of local mental health professionals.

The number of refugee youth worldwide receives international attention and is a top priority in both academic and political agendas. This article adopts a critical eye in summarizing current epidemiological knowledge of refugee youth mental health as well as interventions aimed to prevent or reduce mental health problems among children and adolescents in both high- and low-to-middle-income countries. We highlight current challenges and limitations of extant literature and present potential opportunities and recommendations in refugee child psychiatric epidemiology and mental health services research for moving forward. In light of the mounting xenophobic sentiments we are presently witnessing across societies, we argue that, as a first step, all epidemiological and intervention research should advocate for social justice to guarantee the safety of and respect for the basic human rights of all refugee populations during their journey and resettlement. A constructive dialogue between scholars and policy makers is warranted.

To date the literature on religion and mental health has focused upon Christianity. We cannot assume that these findings can be transposed onto other faith groups. In this paper I focus upon Islam, Judaism and Hinduism and discuss understandings of mental illness and the relationships between central beliefs and mental health. I discuss implications for clinical work and psychotherapy.

Introduction : La « démence » est généralement vue comme un syndrome caractérisé par le déclin d’une ou de plusieurs capacités cognitives, comme la perte de mémoire. Toutefois, perte de mémoire ne signifie pas pour autant démence. La plus fréquente des démences est la maladie d’Alzheimer dont la fréquence augmente avec le grand âge. En anthropologie de la santé, les maladies et leur expression représentent des construits socio-culturels qui ne sont pas reconnus et interprétés de la même façon par tout le monde. Par ailleurs, le contexte migratoire est source de difficultés dans le domaine de la démence. Cet article vise à discuter les liens entre vieillesse, démence et recherche d’aide dans ce contexte.
Méthode : Nous nous appuyons sur une étude qualitative exploratoire. Dix entrevues semi-structurées ont été réalisées avec des femmes et des hommes nés en Haïti et qui ont ensuite immigré au Québec. Ces entrevues nous ont permis de discuter du statut des aînés, du sens donné à la perte de mémoire et de la recherche d’aide.
Résultats : Les entrevues révèlent une pluralité des représentations à propos des pertes de mémoire et de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Elles mettent en lumière une diversité de croyances, d’attitudes et de valeurs traduisant une variabilité culturelle et sociale au sein d’une même communauté. La prise en compte du contexte permet de comprendre tantôt la transformation, tantôt la continuité des représentations et des conduites vis-à-vis des pertes de mémoire.
Conclusion : La démence ne semble pas être un phénomène qui est abordé facilement au sein de la communauté haïtienne du Québec. Au final, cette étude révèle un manque d’information à ce propos.

Les croisements entre trauma et violence sont souvent pensés sous l’angle de la violence subie, le premier s’inscrivant dans le sillage de la seconde. Les effets de la violence se traduisent alors en symptômes, mais aussi en agir, dans des cycles de répétition traumatique où la personne traumatisée peut se remettre dans des situations de risque. Qu’ils empruntent le vocabulaire de la psychanalyse ou celui d’approches biomédicales, de nombreux écrits en psychologie mettent ainsi de l’avant le caractère déstructurant de la violence traumatique.