Integration Into Society (Work, Reception, Community Environment)

Objective: Group processes and identities play a crucial role in the development of positive attitudes toward violent radicalization (VR). However, we do not know much about the impact of specific group identities on support for violent radicalization and the mechanisms that can explain how such associations unfold. This study investigates the independent and cumulative associations between multiple group identities and support for violent radicalization among Canadian college and university students and the potential moderating role of in-group identification and perceived public collective self-esteem in these associations. Method: Students (N = 5,598; M_age = 22.8; SD_age = 7.5; 68.0% women) completed an online survey. Mixed-effects linear regression models and interaction analyses were implemented. Results: Identities related to political, gender, and sexual orientation groups were independently and cumulatively associated with higher support for violent radicalization (polarizing), whereas identities related to religion, profession, ethnicity, age, or leisure activities were cumulatively associated with lower support for violent radicalization (nonpolarizing). Identities related to religion and profession were independently associated with lower support for violent radicalization. The magnitude of associations between cumulative polarizing identities and support for violent radicalization was larger at low levels of perceived public collective self-esteem and high levels of in-group identification. Conclusions: Prevention efforts need to situate students’ identity development within the broader societal context, in a socioecological perspective. Supporting students’ multiple identities is a promising strategy to prevent violent radicalization, if we simultaneously work on local dynamics in order to enhance inclusion in schools and societies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)

Nous présentons ici des pistes théoriques inspirées de quelques auteurs et qui peuvent aider à une compréhension renouvelée des transformations sociales actuelles qui ont une influence certaine sur le «mal-être pluriel » qui traverse nos vies. Ce malêtre prend des formes multiples: dans le monde du travail par les divers types d’épuisement professionnel ou de troubles anxieux résultant de nombreuses pressions à performer; dans le monde éducatif, par la poursuite excessive de l’excellence ; dans la vie courante aussi, par l’appel constant à bien gérer sa vie sans perdre d’occasions et sans faute. Sans explorer directement ces diverses manifestations qui se traduisent ou pas par de l’anxiété liée à cette pression de performance et par d’autres troubles de santé mentale, nous allons plutôt reprendre, une fois encore pouvons-nous dire, une problématique sociétale plus large, en nous concentrant sur les effets de ces transformations sociales qui entrainent une forte limitation du pouvoir d’agir individuel et collectif. Cette limitation est le résultat de ce que nous pourrions appeler des sources renouvelées d’aliénation. C’est sous cet angle indirect en apparence que nous abordons la thématique du «mal-être » : la question du manque de pouvoir d’agir qui représente l’une des sources importantes de ce mal-être plus général.

Pour traiter efficacement et exhaustivement des inégalités dans le monde, il convient d’en aborder toutes les facettes. Il est nécessaire d’étudier les inégalités de richesse entres États d’une part, et au sein même de ces États d’autre part. Il faut également s’intéresser à la pauvreté de certaines populations ou groupes de population, mais aussi à la richesse et à la très grande richesse d’autres groupes de population. C’est aussi dresser un panorama des autres types d’inégalités, hommes –  femmes, entre générations, etc. et analyser si celles-ci sont en croissance ou en décroissance. Et enfin il s’agit de faire un tour d’horizon de l’Asie, de l’Amérique latine (continent le plus inégalitaire au monde), de l’Afrique et de l’Europe qui demeure un continent relativement égalitaire en comparaison.

Abstract

Abstract

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31223/X52Q21

Subjects

Public Health

Keywords

climate change, health, Public health, Global Health, vulnerability, adaptation, risks, Caribbean, West Indies

ABSTRACT

In recent years, Canada has moved towards a system of ‘two-step’ immigration, wherein a growing proportion of new permanent residents are selected from people who are already in the country on a temporary work permit. While the ‘two-step’ selection approach has been lauded as improving immigrants’ labour market outcomes, the process to achieve permanent residence can be complex and the stringent selection criteria prevent many migrants from attaining permanent status. In this paper, we examine the administrative burden that migrants with precarious status encounter in their interactions with state immigration bureaucracies as they try to attain permanent residence through economic programmes. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of interviews with 20 migrants with precarious status in the provinces of Ontario, Alberta and Quebec. Participants describe the stressful life consequences resulting from confusing and opaque administrative processes, unpredictable wait times, costly application fees, bureaucratic errors and a lack of accountability. We theorise how such experiences of administrative burden can compound into forms of bureaucratic violence that prolong migrant precarity, exacerbating the legal violence inherent in state immigration categories which deny full social rights to migrants without permanent residence.

Abstract

Abstract

Ce mémoire a été élaboré par des membres chercheuses de l’équipe Inclusion et diversité ethnoculturelle en éducation (IDEÉ) financée par le Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et Culture. Cette équipe a pour principaux objectifs :

1. de comprendre comment le personnel scolaire contribue à produire ou à réduire les inégalités éducatives en contexte de diversité ethnoculturelle ;

2. d’identifier comment les institutions éducatives, du préscolaire jusqu’à l’université, et leurs agents peuvent contribuer à réduire les inégalités et favoriser la justice sociale ;

3. de contribuer à éclairer les politiques en éducation et en immigration, les initiatives communautaires, la formation initiale et continue du personnel scolaire et les pratiques des milieux éducatifs. L’équipe IDEÉ adopte une posture critique afin de comprendre comment certaines pratiques et certains processus structurels agissent sur la réussite éducative et sur l’expérience de tou.te.s les actrices et acteurs de l’école, notamment les actrices et acteurs de groupes minorisés ou racisés. L’équipe IDEÉ rassemble :

● 11 chercheuses régulières mobilisant une diversité d’approches de recherche et de disciplines dont la sociologie, la psychopédagogie, la psychologie sociale, la didactique et l’administration scolaire;

● 40 étudiantes et étudiants à la maitrise et au doctorat;

● 11 collaboratrices et collaborateurs des milieux de pratique travaillant dans les institutions éducatives et gouvernementales ainsi que dans des organismes communautaires.

Background: Wanting to offer culturally sensitive services to a diverse population, rehabilitation counsellors employed by a workers’ compensation board (WCB) in a Canadian province asked the researchers to provide them with support to develop their intercultural competencies. A collaborative research design was suggested as a potential way to make full use of experiential knowledge. This article presents an action research approach in which study participants were also active in the development of new knowledge and sought to become key players in organizational change. Objective: The objective of this article is to present the steps involved in the co-construction of an intercultural communication support tool and to describe the mechanisms and structure put in place to develop the tool. Methodology: A working group (WG), a steering committee (SC) and a validation group (VG) were created, and each met on a regular basis over approximately 18 months. Several methodological approaches and data collection tools were used: participant observation charts, diaries, an “intercultural situation” workshops. Results: A total of 28 people participated in the project, in addition to the three researchers. The study showed the importance of integrating three dimensions—the individual, collective, and organizational—into the definition of intercultural competence. It soon became evident in our study that a self-reflection process grounded in a collective learning approach was the core component of the entire process of developing intercultural competencies. This finding went well beyond the production of any materials (practical guides, checklists, and supporting documents) that resulted from this process.

Objectives: The aim of this issue of the journal is to study the way in which “making a family” influences access to rights and the integration of migrant families in Europe (France, Germany), North America (Quebec) and Djibouti, from Yemen, Syria, Tunisia, Mozambique or Brazil. Similarly, and reciprocally, he is interested in the impact of law on family experiences in a migratory context.

Methodology: The ethnographic observation approach, through the cross-referenced collection of life stories and the reconstruction of the life contexts of these migrants (while respecting their words and their anonymity) makes it possible to discover, sometimes in a counter-intuitive way, the effects of the policies on their lives.

Results: It often happens that within the same migrant family the legal status of its members is different, and therefore their rights to be regularised or not. As a result, these families – and more broadly, entire groups of migrants – have to carry out important work in terms of information for access to residence rights, work, access to schooling for their children, health, nationality, etc. Nothing is guaranteed a priori. Nothing is guaranteed a priori.

Conclusion: We can imagine how much migration will continue in the face of climate change and political unrest throughout history. It is likely that a policy evaluation approach, or lack thereof, by those affected, will be increasingly necessary in the future.

Contribution: This thematic issue of the journal Enfances Familles Générations highlights, from a historical and comparative approach, the impact of the legitimacy of being part of the national community to which these men and women have migrated (Destremau, 2022).

Abstract

Abstract

This paper contributes to the growing body of work on precarious labor, immigration, and social gerontology by examining the racialization of precarious employment across the life course. In particular, the authors examine the impact of precarious employment and discrimination among racialized older immigrants in Canada. Racialized older immigrants are more likely to be disadvantaged by the effects of lifelong intersections of economic and social discrimination rooted in racialization, gender, ageism, and socio-economic status. Drawing from a narrative-photovoice project that focused on the life stories of older immigrants living in Quebec and British Columbia, this paper presents the in-depth stories and photographs of four participants to highlight how intersections of race, gender, age, immigration status, and ability shape and structure experiences of aging, labor market participation and caregiving relationships.

Unaccompanied minors (UMs) are children under the age of 18 who settle in a foreign country without a legal representative. In France, many UMs are left unprotected from child welfare services because assessment systems evaluate that they are not minors. In Paris, the non-governmental organization Médecins du Monde (MdM) offers unprotected UMs medical, psychological, and social care. In March 2020, the lockdown policy to contain COVID-19 constrained MdM to adapt its care provision model. This case study sought to answer the following question: how did volunteers and employees of MdM respond to the social and health needs of unprotected UMs during the spring 2020 lockdown in Paris? We analyzed a cohort of 58 UMs for eight weeks of lockdown using secondary quantitative data. We further explored the UMs’ needs and the experience of phone consultations, through 15 interviews with MdM’s program volunteers and employees. Time series showed a steady increase in UMs’ needs. The program’s adapted care provision likely contributed to reducing UMs’ feeling of isolation. It also had several negative consequences for unprotected UMs, volunteers, employees, and Médecins du Monde’s institution. This study highlights the role of non-governmental organizations in providing a particularly vulnerable migrant population – unprotected UMs – care and support, despite operational challenges in crisis times.

In the context of migration, different perspectives of child agency can influence childcare practices and may create tensions within families and in the host society. This study explores the individual, relational, environmental, and cultural factors that influence how child agency is understood and exercised within immigrant households. Focus group discussions were conducted with first- and second-generation immigrant children (12- to 17-year-old) (N = 46) and parents (N = 19) from South-Asia, Latin-America and the Caribbean in Montreal. Our findings suggest that children exercise agency by taking actions to ensure their own safety and contributing to their families’ needs. Moreover, we found that negotiating children’s agency is influenced by the nature of the parent–child relationship, the material and social resources available to the family, and the perceived and lived experiences of authority and safety in the host society. This study advances our understanding of how immigrant children contribute to their families and the role that contextual factors play in shaping, promoting and hindering child agency. Policy makers and service providers in host societies should consider the perspectives of immigrant children and parents in order to develop a more culturally responsive understanding of the elements and processes that influence childcare and supervision practices of immigrant families.

Background

This article reports the results of a rapid scoping review of the literature on COVID-19 transmission risk to workers in essential sectors such as retail, health care, manufacturing, and agriculture, and more particularly the experiences of workers in precarious employment and social situations.

Methods

Following scoping review methods, we included 30 studies that varied in terms of methodology and theoretical approaches. The search included peer-reviewed articles and grey literature published between March and September 2020.

Results

Based on the studies reviewed, we found that COVID-19 infection and death rates increased not only with age and comorbidities, but also with discrimination and structural inequities based on racism and sexism. Racial and ethnic minority workers, including migrant workers, are concentrated in high-risk occupations and this concentration is correlated to lower socioeconomic conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic appears in the occupational health and safety spotlight as an exacerbator of already existing socioeconomic inequalities and social inequalities in health, especially in light of the intersection of issues related to racism, ethnic minority status, and sexism.

Conclusions

This review provides early evidence about the limitations of institutions’ responses to the pandemic, and their capacity to provide a safe and decent working environment for all workers, regardless of their employment status or the social protections they may enjoy under normal circumstances. It is also important to think about these issues in the postpandemic context, when conditions of precariousness and vulnerability persist and possibly worsen.

C’est avec une petite larme au coin de l’oeil que METISS (Migration et Ethnicité dans les Interventions en Santé et en Services sociaux) vous fait ses adieux. Eh oui! Après 28 ans de recherche et de partenariat, l’équipe ferme boutique.

Pour clore cette époque en beauté, nous vous présentons avec beaucoup de fierté une toute dernière publication, les toutes dernières « Entre-vues », qui retracent trois décennies de recherche, d’innovation et de collaboration autour de la thématique de la diversité dans les services sociaux et de santé. Des fondements sur lesquels on peut s’appuyer pour nous propulser vers l’avenir, mais un document à consulter avec un brin de nostalgie tout de même.

The question of how workers’ compensation systems should account for language barriers is of increasing importance given Canada’s growing linguistic diversity. This study is the first to empirically examine, based on interviews with injured workers and key informants, return-to-work policies and practices through the lens of language barriers. By comparing two jurisdictions, Quebec and Ontario, the study highlights similarities and differences in language accommodation and return-to-work policies and practices that shape the experiences of injured workers with language needs. It argues that gaps in this regard, which are more pronounced in Quebec, contribute to poor return-to-work outcomes for these workers in both provinces.

La modernisation du régime de santé et sécurité du travail représente un besoin vital dans un contexte d’expansion du travail atypique, de l’accentuation des conditions de travail précaires et de l’émergence de l’économie de plateforme. Une modernisation inclusive et exhaustive de
la réglementation entourant les conditions du travail et le régime de sécurité et santé du travail est nécessaire. Cela permettra d’éviter la prolifération de zones grises du travail et l’accroissement d’un vide juridique, et par conséquent, d’empêcher la réduction de la protection des travailleurs et travailleuses les plus vulnérables, dont les immigrants, les réfugiés et les personnes sans statut représentent une partie significative. Personne ne doit être exclu d’une telle démarche. La pandémie nous démontre que le travail précaire des travailleurs et travailleuses (im)migrants les expose à des risques potentiellement fatals de santé et sécurité au travail (Côté, Dubé & Frozzini, 2020, 2021; Tremblay, 2020). Dans cet avis sur les changements proposés par le Projet de loi 59, nous abordons deux grandes catégories de lacunes dans le Projet de loi:

(1) La protection de travailleurs et travailleuses atypique (secteurs du travail
domestique, des agences de placement, de l’économie à la demande et du
télétravail); et

(2) L’accessibilité des mesures de prévention et d’indemnisation en matière de santé et sécurité du travail pour les travailleurs et travailleuses (im)migrants.

This issue reveals that the implementation of inclusive education is an unfinished challenge, both within the system and for individual self-improvement. This process of changing practices, by continually questioning the school’s responsibility for the (re)production of inequalities, exclusion and unequal social relations, is riddled with obstacles, unpredictable situations and strong emotions. In particular, the researchers point out that many
systemic mechanisms of school culture contribute to replicating and reifying hierarchical school experiences and exacerbating processes of institutional discrimination against immigrant background and/or racialized students. The empirical research presented also highlights the deficit thinking of school staff toward immigrant students and their parents. The results show that staff tend to use linguistic and cultural gaps between students and the school system to explain academic failure. Be that as it may, the researchers as well as the school actors and students interviewed in this issue suggest fertile ways to improve inclusion in the school context, stressing the importance of giving voice to the various actors in order to move toward institutional transformation.

This paper presents the results of a research project into the intercultural climate in schools and on the academic success of immigrant students in Québec. The intercultural climate in eight secondary public schools is documented from the standpoint of various school and community stakeholders, students, and parents. More specifically, the paper focuses on the commitment to promoting cultural equity, which is identified through interviews with the targeted stakeholders on exclusionary practices and processes and the practices implemented to counter them. The results identify five areas of vulnerability among certain minoritized groups of students: the transition from welcoming to regular classes for those students learning French, evaluation and support for those experiencing learning or behavioral difficulties, the referral of these students to adult education programs or work-oriented training programs, their participation in extracurricular activities and their access to special school projects. Nonetheless some schools do report the introduction of many equity practices in response to the exclusionary ones. However, these initiatives are mostly occasional, voluntary, and pertain to interactions between individuals. These findings call for a discussion on the importance of systemic and concerted initiatives towards achieving equity.

Unaccompanied minors (UMs) are children under 18 who arrive on the territory  of a foreign country without the care of a guardian. In many countries their access to social and health care services depends on their legal recognition as minors. For instance, in France, high rejection rates of minor status place unprotected UMs in social precarity, such that in Paris, civil society organizations (CSOs) have stepped in to offer social, medical, and psychological care to unprotected UMs. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic however, CSOs had to adapt their care provision.

We review promising CSO-led initiatives to ensure continuity of care for this population. In doing so, we highlight how, by promoting UMs’ healthy behaviors in the context of the pandemic, continued social interactions between CSO members and unprotected UMs may have contributed to disease prevention among UMs. In addition, CSOs have continued to advocate for sheltering unprotected UMs, calling on public authorities to take action.

In January 2010, Haiti was hit by a terrible earthquake that pushed thousands of people to migrate. Many of them chose to settle in Quebec, Canada. Years after the earthquake, many Haitians continue to migrate to the Quebec province. Several studies however have shown that this population’s socioeconomic status is lower than the provincial average. Given the potential multiple stressors that affect Haitian migrants in Quebec, there are concerns about their health status.

Located at the intersection of international migration studies and global health, this paper offers an in-depth qualitative investigation of Haitian migrants’ representations of both their situation and self-perceived health in Montreal, Quebec. Our perspective on migrant health was inspired by the World Health Organisation’s framework on the social determinants of health and recent studies in the field of migrant health. We collected and analysed qualitative data from 23 key informants (i.e., 12 women and 11 men, aged 21-76 years old) from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The analysis of the data from these people’s narratives revealed the importance of structural determinants such as social position, and intermediate determinants such as living and working conditions. Our analysis also highlighted several interrelations between those determinants. Specifically, participants reported coping with issues related to migrant status, income, occupation, language, and racism, and challenging living and working conditions, and stress. This study underscored the importance of social support brought by relatives, friends, as well as community-based organisations and religious practices.

Our findings were coherent with available literature looking at the determinants of health of racialized and migrant minorities in other high-income regions of the world. Our conclusive remarks featured reflections on three cross-cutting issues and their practical implications for policy and practices.

In our contemporary societies where people are confronted by the requirements of performance and adaptability, and where, moreover, the democratic ideal persists, how people being the subject of racism in the workplace deal with such issues? What power of speech is giving to them and how is it being given? The organizations must show fairness toward their employees, thus supporting a democratic ideal where each worker would have the same rights and liberties. Nevertheless, relations of domination and oppression persist. Concurrently, in those organizations the subject confronts the implicit injunction to be efficient, to be autonomous and to be productive. The subject becomes responsible for his integration into the collective and he has to carry the responsibility to live “well” in the workplace. Our article will question the self-censorship of people being subjects of racism and who are not able to tell it at the risk of, seemingly being unproductive. Through a specific research methodology, we also reveal a clinic of interculturality as an approach of intercultural intervention.

Compte tenu de la conjoncture actuelle, de la montée du racisme ici et ailleurs, de la responsabilité de tous les acteurs pour lutter contre ce phénomène, cette trousse, loin d’être exhaustive, a pour seule ambition de rassembler de multiples ressources qui pourraient soutenir toutes personnes et organisations souhaitant s’inscrire dans une démarche de lutte au racisme. Son objectif est ainsi d’outiller les acteurs.rices de l’École de travail social à la lutte contre le racisme, autant dans ses manifestations interpersonnelles, institutionnelles, culturelles, que systémiques.

The pandemic has highlighted the complexity of public health measures and their side effects, the intricacy of the underlying health, social and political phenomena at play as well as their specificity for marginalized minority communities. Based on this experience, this commentary suggests that it would be relevant in the future to develop consultation mechanisms that take into account the entire population, including marginalized minority groups, in order to better inform decision-making processes in times of pandemic. In a context of fluid crisis, any consultation process must take into account the limits of what is possible and mourn the comprehensiveness in favour of repeated iterations of dialogue, mediation and decision-making. This means creating conditions favourable to the consideration of the most vulnerable people and groups’ voices by public authorities. In order to prepare for the next crises, it is necessary to develop strong links between public institutions and communities, both of majorities and minorities, in order to define the mechanisms favouring the emergence of truly inclusive public health, taking into account the physical, mental and social health of the population.

The term “second-generation immigrant” remains widely used by researchers to refer to children of immigrant parents. In this paper, we criticize the normalization of this term and its potential for infinite extension from a historical perspective. We analyze the different meanings it can have according to the social and political context, according to the parents’ country of origin, and according to the historical link between the country of birth and the country of origin. In a situation where the identity construction of the children of immigrants is complex and singular, this term can constitute a positive affirmation of identity for some, while for others it can carry a burden of social suffering.

Selon les intervenants de la Commission des normes, de l’équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (CNESST), presque 50 % des travailleurs touchés par une lésion professionnelle sur l’île de Montréal seraient issus de l’immigration (ou de groupes ethnoculturels) (CNESST, 2010). Il ne s’agit que d’une estimation, puisque les indicateurs ethnoculturels tels que le pays de naissance, la langue maternelle ou autres ne sont pas des données colligées par la CNESST. Dans le cadre du projet de l’IRSST intitulé Comprendre le processus de réadaptation et de retour au travail dans le contexte des relations interculturelles (Côté et al., 2017), travailleurs, employeurs, cliniciens et intervenants de la CNESST ont été interrogés au sujet des obstacles et des facilitateurs relatifs au retour au travail. Pour le volet clinicien et intervenant de la CNESST, des stratégies ont été identifiées, ainsi que des besoins en matière de développement de compétences interculturelles (CI). Selon les intervenants, l’acquisition de compétences interculturelles peut faciliter la communication interculturelle par les habiletés relationnelles, la capacité d’écoute et de compréhension. La présente recherche a pour objectif le développement du contenu d’un outil d’aide à l’amélioration des compétences interculturelles des intervenants de la CNESST à partir d’une démarche de coconstruction. Cette étude prévoit : la coconstruction d’un outil d’aide à la communication interculturelle pour les intervenants de la CNESST (objectif 1), la documentation du processus de coconstruction de l’outil d’aide à la communication interculturelle (objectif 2) et l’évaluation du développement des compétences interculturelles d’un groupe d’intervenants de la CNESST (objectif 3).Un groupe de travail, composé de dix intervenants (conseillers en réadaptation, agents d’indemnisation) et d’un animateur, un groupe de validation composé de quatorze intervenants (conseillers en réadaptation, agents d’indemnisation) ainsi qu’un comité directeur, se sont réunis sur une base régulière pendant environ dix-huit mois dans la perspective de la recherche collaborative et suivant une approche de coconstruction. Pour atteindre l’objectif général de cette recherche, plusieurs approches méthodologiques et outils de collectes de données ont été utilisés. Tout d’abord, pour répondre à l’objectif 1, a) la recherche collaborative (Desgagné, Chené et Roy, 1997) et b) la méthode des situations en contexte interculturel (Apedaile et Schill, 2008; Mutha, Allen et Welch, 2002; Van Staalduinen, Towle, Godolphin et Laing, 2003; White et Gratton, 2017). Pour répondre à l’objectif 2, c) l’observation participante lors de chacune des rencontres avec le groupe de travail et le comité directeur. Puis, pour répondre à l’objectif 3 sur le développement de la compétence interculturelle, d) l es questionnaires : Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) (Portalla et Chen, 2010) et Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) (Chen et Starosta, 2000) ont été appliqués aux intervenants et e) un groupe de discussion (avec le comité directeur